اثربخشی برنامۀ آموزش پذیرش و تعهد بر پذیرش کودکان اتیستیک توسط مادران
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسیاحمد به پژوه 1 * , مسعود غلامعلی لواسانی 2 , سارا پازکی 3
1 - دانشگاه تهران
2 - دانشگاه تهران
3 - دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: کودک اتیستیک, آموزش پذیرش و تعهد, اجتناب تجربه ای, انعطاف پذیری روانشناختی,
چکیده مقاله :
پژوهش حاضر باهدف شناسایی اثربخشی برنامۀ آموزش پذیرش و تعهد بر میزان پذیرش کودکان اتیستیک توسط مادران انجام شد. این پژوهش از نوع شبه آزمایشی و طرح پیش آزمون، پس آزمون و پیگیری است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش را تمامی مادرانی تشکیل می دادند که کودکان اتیستیک آنها در سال تحصیلی 95-1394 در مرکز اتیسم ندای عصر تهران، مشغول دریافت خدمات آموزشی و توانبخشی بودند. با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس، 11 تن از این مادران به عنوان گروه نمونه انتخاب شدند و به مدت نه جلسۀ دوساعته، تحت آموزش گروهی پذیرش و تعهد قرار گرفتند. از پرسشنامۀ پذیرش و عمل (ويرايش دوم) به عنوان ابزار پژوهش استفاده شد و داده ها با استفاده از آزمون آماری تی جفتی همبسته، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج بهدست آمده حاکی از آن بود که تفاوت معناداری بین نتایج مربوط به پیش آزمون، پس آزمون و پیگیری وجود داشته است. حاصل بحث نشان می دهد که آموزش پذیرش و تعهد با کاهش اجتناب تجربه ای و افزایش انعطاف پذیری روانشناختی، در بهبود پذیرش کودکان اتیستیک توسط مادران مؤثر بوده است.
This study was accomplished to evaluate the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment training on the acceptance of autistic children by mothers. The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. Population of the study included the whole mothers whose autistic child was receiving training and rehabilitation in Nedaye Asre Tehran Autism Center in educational year of 2015-16. Using convenience sampling, eleven mothers were selected as a sample group and received acceptance and commitment training in nine two-hour-sessions. As a research tool, the second edition of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire was used and analyzed based on data using paired/correlated t-test. Data analysis of results revealed that there was a significant difference between the results of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The result confirmed that acceptance and commitment training has been effective on mothers in accepting their autistic child, by increasing psychological flexibility and decreasing experiential avoidance.
اصغری نکاح، سید محسن و بلقانآبادی، مصطفی (1392). اعتباریابی و تجدید نظر مقیاس نگرش والدین نسبت به کودک با نیازهای ویژهشان. فصلنامة روانشناسی افراد استثنايی، 3 (11)، 147-163.
ایزدی، راضیه و عابدی، محمدرضا (1393). درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد. اصفهان: کاوشیار جنگل.
بهپژوه، احمد (1394). خانواده و کودکان با نیازهاي ويژه. تهران: انتشارات آوای نور.
بهپژوه، احمد و محمودی، مريم (1394). نيازسنجی حمايت اجتماعی مادران کودکان درخودمانده. فصلنامۀ رويش روانشناسی، 4، 11، 3-22.
عباسی، ایمانه؛ فتی، لادن؛ مولودی، رضا و ضرابی، حمید (1390). کفایت روانسنجی نسخۀ فارسی پرسشنامۀ پذیرش و عمل- نسخۀ دوم. روشها و مدلهای روانشناختی، 2(10)، 65-80.
غباری بناب، باقر و وحدت تربتی، شادی (1381). بررسی و مقایسۀ ویژگیهای زیستی، روانی و اجتماعی والدین کودکان درخودمانده و والدین کودکان عادی. نشریة تعلیم و تربیت استثنايی، 7، 101-113.
هنرپروران، نازنین؛ میرزایی کیا، حسین؛ نیری، احمد و لطفی، مریم (1393). راهنماي عملی درمانگران در درمان مبتنی بر پذيرش و تعهد. مشهد: امید مهر.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition). Arlington, VA: The Author
Anan, R. M., Warner, L. J., McGillivary, J. E., Chong, I. M., & Hines, S. J. (2008). Group intensive family training (GIFT) for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Behavioral Interventions, 23(3), 165-180.
Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243-255.
Blackledge, J. T. & Hayes, S. (2006). Using acceptance and commitment training in the support of parents of children diagnosed with autism. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 28 (1), 1-18.
Bond, F.W. Hayes, S.C. & Zettle, R.D. (2011). Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
Cappe, E., Wolff, M., Bobet, R., & Adrien, J. L. (2011). Quality of life: A key variable to consider in the evaluation of adjustment in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and in the development of relevant support and assistance programmes. Quality of Life Research, 20(8), 1279-1
Dardas, L. A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2015). Coping strategies as mediators and moderators between stress and quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder. Stress and Health, 31(1), 5-12.
Fernandes, S.S., Machado, M., & Machado, F. (2015). Parental acceptance, parental stress, quality of life: A study with parents of ADHA children. Italian Journal of Special Education for Inclusion, 3(1), 71-83.
Feros, D. L., Lane, L., Ciarrochi, J., & Blackledge, J. T. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for improving the lives of cancer patients: A preliminarystudy. Psycho‐Oncology, 22(2), 459-464.
Gregg, J. A., Callaghan, G. M., Hayes, S. C., & Glenn-Lawson, J. L. (2007). Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(2), 336.
Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976-1002.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy:The process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., elt al (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553-578.
Hornby, G. (1982). Meeting the counseling and guidance needs of parents with intellectually handicapped children. Mental Handicap in New Zealand, 6, 8-27.
Ingersoll, B., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2011). The relationship between the broader autism phenotype, child severity, and stress and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 337-344.
Jones, L., Hastings, R.P., Totsika, V., Keane, L. & Rhule, N. (2014). Child behavior problems, and parental well being, in families of children with autism: The role of mindfulness and acceptance. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 19(2), 171-185.
Kandel, I., & Merrick, J. (2007). The child with a disability: Parental acceptance, management and coping. The Scientific World Journal, 7, 1799-1809.
Karekla, M., & Panayiotous, G. (2011). Coping and experiential avoidance: Unique or overlapping constructs. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 163-170.
Kowalkowski, J. D. (2012). The impact of a group-based acceptance and commitment therapy intervention on parents of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Doctoral Dissertation, Eastern Michigan Univerity.
Lovell, B., & Wetherell, M. (2016). The psychophysiological impact of childhood autism spectrum disorder on siblings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49-50, 226-234.
Levin, M. E., Hayes, S. C., & Vilardaga, R. (2012). APA handbook of behavior analysis, (Vol. 2): Translating Principles into Practice. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Lyons, A.M., Leon, S.C., Roeckerphelps, C.E., & Dunleavy, A.M. (2010). The impact of child symptom severity on stress among parents of children with ASD: The moderating role of copying styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(4), 516-524.
McCracken, L. M., Barker, E., & Chilcot, J. (2014). Decentering, rumination, cognitive defusion, and psychological flexibility in people with chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(6), 1215-1225.
McCracken, L.M. & Vowles, K.E. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: Model, process and progress. American Psychologist, 69(2), 178-187.
McDermott, M.V., Lawson, K., Hettinger, K., Seijo, R., Schechtman, M., Shulman, L., & Shinar, S. (2015). Parental stress in families of children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(13), 1728-1735.
Montgomery, D. (2015). The Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children diagnosed with autism. Doctoral dissertation, Walden University.
Poddar, S., Sinha, V. K., & Urbi, M. (2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 1(3), 221.
Rivard, M., Terroux, A., Parent-Boursier, C., & Mercier, C. (2014). Determinate of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1609-1620.
Vasilpopoulou, E., & Nisbet, J. (2016). The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 36-49.
Webster, M. (2011). Introduction to acceptance and commitment therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17, 309-316.
Weiss, J.A., Cappadocia, M.C., McMullin, J.A., & Lunsky, Y. (2012). Impact of child problem behaviors of children with ASD on parent maternal health: The mediating role of acceptance and empowerment. Autism, 16(3), 261-274.