Psychometric Indices of Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale: A Factor for Predicting Students’ Academic Procrastination
Subject Areas :
hamidreza
hassanabadi
1
(Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran)
seyed saeed
torabi
2
(Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: Academic Procrastination, Sensation Seeking Scale, Psychometric Indicators, Students,
Abstract :
In the last few decades, sensation-seeking has been noticed as a complex, dynamic, and multidimensional personality trait that affects risky behaviors. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the psychometric properties of Zuckerman's sensation seeking scale among undergraduate students. Among the undergraduate students of Damghan city 260 people were selected by following the inclusion and exclusion criteria using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method in May 2020. Then, they responded to Zuckerman's (1971) sensation seeking, Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) self-efficacy and McCloskey and Silzo (2015) academic procrastination scales in the same order. The results showed that the four-factor structure of sensitivity to monotony, experience-seeking, adventure, and disinhibition of Zuckerman's sensation-seeking scale had a favorable fit with the data and their internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.61 for adventure to 0.78 for sensitivity. Correlation coefficients of sensation seeking subscales with self-efficacy scale to estimate divergent validity indicated non-significant and negative values in line with hypothesis confirmation. The findings of the step-by-step multiple regression also showed that the components of sensitivity to monotony and adventure could explain 27% of the variance of academic procrastination. It seems that the results of the present study provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the sensation-seeking scale as a strong tool for measuring the risky and sensation-seeking behaviors of adolescents by researchers, therapists, and counselors.
پیری، ولی؛ شهنی ییلاق، منیجه و آتش افروز، عسکر. (1401). رابطه طرحواره های ناسازگار اولیه با تعلل ورزی تحصیلی با نقش میانجی ویژگیهای شخصیتی و کمالگرایی. مجله روان‌شناسی، 26(4)، 336-327.
حسن‌‌آبادی، حمیدرضا و ترابی، سید سعید (زیر چاپ). ساختار عاملی، روایی و اعتبار مقیاس اهمالکاری تحصیلی در بین دانشجویان، اندازه‌‌گیری تربیتی.
حسن‌‌آبادی، حمیدرضا. (1395). مطالعۀ ملی شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان: تدوین یک مدل ساختاری بر پایه نظریه شناختی-اجتماعی حرفه. طرح پژوهشی پژوهشکده مطالعات فرهنگی و اجتماعی، وزارت علوم، تحقیقا ت و فناوری.
حکمتیان فرد، صادق و گلستانه، موسی.(1401).بررسی رابطه طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه با تعلل‌ورزی تحصیلی با نقش میانجی ویژگیهای شخصیتی و کمالگرایی. مجله روان‌شناسی، 2(1)،50-38.
صبحی قراملکی، ناصر؛ حاجلو، نادر و بابایی، کریم. (1393). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت های مدیریت زمان بر اهمالکاری دانش‌‌آموزان. فصلنامه روشها و مدلهای روان‌شناختی، 4(15)، 101-91.
نیک راد، لیلا؛ باصری، احمد و بیگدلی، حسین. (1401). رابطه بین اهمالکاری سازمانی و مؤلفه های سرمایه روان‌شناختی در کارکنان: نقش واسطه ای تفکر انتقادی. مجله روان‌شناسی، 26(2)،170-160.
Abdi Zarrin, S., Akbarzadeh, M., & Mostafavi, M. (2019). The role of emotional regulation and academic burnout in the prediction of academic procrastination in students. Cultural Psychology, 3(1), 175–192
Arnett, J. (1994). Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Personality and individual differences, 16(2), 289-296.
Assayag, N., Berger, I., Parush, S., Mell, H., & Bar-Shalita, T. (2022). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, sensation-seeking, and sensory modulation dysfunction in substance use disorder: a cross sectional two-group comparative study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2541.
Barr, P. B., & Dick, D. M. (2020). The genetics of externalizing problems. Recent advances in research on impulsivity and impulsive behaviors, 93-112.
Chen, X., Li, F., Nydegger, L., Gong, J., Ren, Y., Dinaj-Koci, V., Sun, H., & Stanton, B. (2013). Brief sensation seeking scale for chinese-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 604-609.
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Luo, F., Xu, W., Huang, J., ... & Zhang, W. (2021). Childhood emotional neglect and problematic mobile phone use among Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal moderated mediation model involving school engagement and sensation seeking. Child Abuse & Neglect, 115, 0104991.
Chomsri, P., Likhitsathian, S., Aramrattana, A., & Siviroj, P. (2018). Self-efficacy, sensation seeking, right attitude, and readiness to change among alcohol drinkers in a Thai vocational school. Addictive behaviors reports, 8, 107-112.
Deditius-Island, H. K., & Caruso, J. C. (2002). An examination of the reliability of scores from Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scales, Form V. Educational and psychological measurement, 62(4), 728-734.
DiFabio, M. S., Smith, D. R., Breedlove, K. M., Buckley, T. A., & Johnson, C. L. (2022). Relationships between aggression, sensation seeking, brain stiffness, and head impact exposure: Implications for head impact prevention in ice hockey. Brain and behavior, e.2627.
Frick, B. (2021). Gender differences in risk-taking and sensation-seeking behavior: empirical evidence from “extreme sports”. De Economist, 169(1), 5-20.
Garrido, E. F., Weiler, L. M., & Taussig, H. N. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and health-risk behaviors in vulnerable early adolescents. The Journal of early adolescence, 38(5), 661-680.
Gray, J. M., & Wilson, M. A. (2007). A detailed analysis of the reliability and validity of the sensation seeking scale in a UK sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 641-651.
Hirvelä, L., Sipilä, P. N., & Keski-Rahkonen, A. (2022). Relationship between sensation seeking, alcohol problems and bulimic symptoms: a community-based, longitudinal study. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(2), 589-595.
Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 401-414.
Hubach, R. D., O’Neil, A., Stowe, M., Giano, Z., Curtis, B., & Fisher, C. B. (2021). Perceived confidentiality risks of mobile technology-based ecologic momentary assessment to assess high-risk behaviors among rural men who have sex with men. Archives of sexual behavior, 50(4), 1641-1650.
Huang, J., Zhang, D., Chen, Y., Yu, C., Zhen, S., & Zhang, W. (2022). Parental psychological control, psychological need satisfaction, and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: The moderating effect of sensation seeking. Children and Youth Services Review, 136, 106417.
Jensen, J., Imboden, K. & Ivic, R. (2011). Sensation seeking and narrative transportation: high sensation seeking children’s interest in reading outside of school. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15, 541-558.
Jiang, Q., Huang, X., & Tao, R. (2018). Examining factors influencing internet addiction and adolescent risk behaviors among excessive internet users. Health communication, 33(12), 1434-1444.
Jones, I., & Blankenship, D. (2019). The effect of procrastination on academic performance of undergraduate online students at a Hispanic serving institution. Journal of Business Diversity, 19(2), p. 10-15.
Joseph, R. P., Royse, K. E., Benitez, T. J., & Pekmezi, D. W. (2014). Physical activity and quality of life among university students: exploring self-efficacy, self-esteem, and affect as potential mediators. Quality of life research, 23, 659-667.
kao, T. S. A., Ling, J., & Dalaly, M. (2021). Parent-adolescent dyads' efficacy, coping, depression, and adolescent health risks. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 56, 80-89.
Karakaya Özyer, K., & Altinsoy, F. (2023). Academic Procrastination of University Students: The Role of Problematic Internet Use, Self-Regulated Online Learning, and Academic Self-Efficacy. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(1), 77-93.
Kim, D. H., Quinn, K., DiClemente, R., Marotta, P., & Voisin, D. (2022). The Longitudinal Relationship Between Broken Windows and Sexual Behaviors Among African American Girls in Juvenile Detention: The Moderating Effects of Sexual Sensation Seeking and Parental Monitoring. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 13(2), 000-000.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Kumari, G., & Malik, S. (2021). Impulsiveness and Fear of Failure as predictors of Academic Procrastination.
Li, S., Su, J., Zhao, D., Wang, J., & Wang, G. (2023). Future time perspective and academic procrastination among nursing students: The mediating role of mindfulness. Nursing Open.
Longo LM, Ertl MM, Pazienza R, Agiliga AU, Dillon FR, et al. (2020). Associations among Negative Urgency, Sensation Seeking, Alcohol Use, Self-Esteem, and Casual Sexual Behavior for College Students. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(5), 796-805.
McCullum, R. C.; Widaman, K. F.; Zhang, S. & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
McCloskey, J. & Scielzo, S. (2015). Finally: The Development and Validation of the Academic Procrastination Scale. Under Review.
McNamara, I. A., King, S. E., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2022). A longitudinal examination of relations between competitive athletic participation, drinking norms, impulsivity, and sensation seeking and binge drinking throughout college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.
Morris, P. E., & Fritz, C. O. (2015). Conscientiousness and procrastination predict academic coursework marks rather than examination performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 39, 193-198.
Park, S., & Stangl, B. (2020). Augmented reality experiences and sensation seeking. Tourism Management, 77, 0104023.
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Cappa, C., Currie, D., Riley, L., Gore, F., Degenhardt, L., Richardson, D., Astone, N., Sangowawa, A, O., Mokdad, A. (2012). Health of the world’s adolescents: a synthesis of internationally comparable data. The Lancet, 28,1665-75.
Pintrich, P. R., De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33-40.
Qu, W., Zhang, W., & Ge, Y. (2020). The moderating effect of delay discounting between sensation seeking and risky driving behavior. Safety science, 123, 104558.
Ravert, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2021). Impulsivity and sensation seeking: Differing associations with psychological well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(4), 1503-1515.
Roberti, J. W., Storch, E. A., & Bravata, E. (2003). Further psychometric support for the sensation seeking scale-form V. Journal of personality assessment, 81(3), 291-292.
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 2, 223–28, doi/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1.
Schreiber, J. B.; Nora, A.; Stage, F. K.; Barlow, E. A. & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99 (6), 323-338
Seppä K, Sillanaukee P, Koivula T (1990) The efficiency of a questionnaire in detecting heavy drinkers. Br J Addict 85(12):1639– 1645. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01654.x.
Shine, S., & Lokesh, L. (2023). Perceived Stress, Self-Efficacy and Academic Procrastination Among College Students. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 11(1).
Smorti, M. (2014). Sensation seeking and self-efficacy effect on adolescents risky driving and substance abuse. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 638-642.
Soares, A. K. S., Andrade Filho, J. A. L., Ribeiro, M. G. C., & Rezende, A. T. (2020). Evaluating the role of academic procrastination and subjective well-being in predicting graduate program satisfaction. Psychological Sciences, 14(1), 1–15.
Thorpe S, Ware S, Tanner AE, Kugler KC, Guastaferro K, et al. (2020). Sexual sensation seeking, hookups, and alcohol consumption among first-year college students. Journal of American College Health, 29, 1-8.
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2018). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health. Self-Regulation and Self-Control, 8(6), 299–309.
Wang, W., Wu, Y. X., Peng, Z. G., Lu, S. W., Yu, L., Wang, G. P., ... & Wang, Y. H. (2000). Test of sensation seeking in a Chinese sample. Personality and individual differences, 28(1), 169-179.
Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone uses among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, selfregulation and subjective well-being. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3), 596–614
Yeoh, H. C., Hong, S. P. L., & Prihadi, K. D. (2022). Efficacy, expectancy, or the sense of mattering? Academic procrastination in online study. Int J Eval & Res Educ, 11(3), 1311-1317.
Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation seeking. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 36(1), 45.
Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 46(1), 139.
Zuckerman M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York, Cambridge university press.
Zuckerman, M. (2007). The sensation seeking scale V (SSS-V): Still reliable and valid. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1303-1305.
Zuckerman, M. (2009). Chapter 31. Sensation seeking. In Leary, Mark R. & Hoyle, Rick H. Handbook of Individual Differences in Social behavior. New York/London: The Guildford Press.
Zuckerman, M., & Aluja, A. (2015). Measures of sensation seeking. In Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 352-380). Academic Press.
Zhang, X. C., Chu, X. W., Fan, C. Y., Andrasik, F., Shi, H. F., & Hu, X. E. (2022). Sensation seeking and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: Examining the mediating roles of boredom experience and antisocial media exposure. Computers in Human Behavior, 130, 107185
Zhang, X., Qu, X., Tao, D., & Xue, H. (2019). The association between sensation seeking and driving outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 123, 222-234.
Zhu, Y., Zhu, H., Liu, Q., Chen, E., Li, H., & Zhao, H. (2016). Exploring the Procrastination of College Students: A Data-Driven Behavioral Perspective. In International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications (pp. 258-273). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Zhou, M., Lam, K. K. L., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Metacognition and academic procrastination: A meta-analytical examination. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 334-368.