Investigating Psychometric Properties of New Scale of Dark Tetrad
Subject Areas : PsychologyAkbar Atadokht 1 , Bahman Zardi Gikloo 2 , Hadiseh Laleh 3 *
1 - Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, I.R.Iran
2 - Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, I.R.Iran
3 - Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, I.R.Iran
Keywords: Dark Tetrad, Machiavellianism, sadism, confirmatory factor analysis,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the new scale of the Dark tetrad scale. The research method was survey and the statistical population consisted of all students who educated at Mohaghegh Ardabili University during 2017-2018. A sample of 600 individuals (300 females and 300 male) were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. Data from 30 individuals were excluded due to a defect in completing the questionnaire. To collect data, Assessment Sadistic Personality Scale (Plouffe et al., 2017), Dark Triad Scale (JoneS & Paulhus, 2014), Emotional Intelligence Test (Bradbury-Graves, 2005) and Short Form of the NEO Questionnaire (Costa, McCray, 1989) were used. In order to examine the reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency coefficient was used and also the validity of the questionnaire was assessed by divergent validity, exploratory factor analysis and first-order confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis was done using SPSS-25 and LISREL 8.8. The results of the internal consistency coefficient showed that this scale had the appropriate reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Machiavellianism was 0.82, narcissism 0.86, psychopathy 0.79 and sadism 0.77). Confirmatory Factor Fitness Indexes also show the appropriate validity of the scale (CFI = 0.95, RFI = 0.96, NNFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0/060). Therefore, it can be said that this scale is an appropriate instrument for measuring the dark aspects of personality.
افشاری، محسن؛ حجازی، الهه؛ اژه ای، جواد و صادقی، ناهید. (1397). بررسی ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس چشم انداز زمان آینده و رابطه آن با پیشرفت تحصیلی. مجله روانشناسی، 22(2)، 138-122.
انیسی، جعفر؛ مجدیان، محمد؛ جوشن لو، محسن و گوهری کامل، زهرا. (1390). اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه پنج عاملی نئو در دانشجویان. مجله علوم رفتاری، 5(4)، 355-351.
برادبری، تراویس و گریوز، جین. (1384). آزمون هوش هیجانی. ترجمه مهدی گنجی. تهران: انتشارات ساوالان.
بشرپور، سجاد و میری، میرنادر. (1397). نقش واسطه ای بی اشتیاقی اخلاقی در رابطه بین صفات تاریک شخصیت و استعداد خیانت زناشویی. مجله روانشناسی، 22(3)، 286-271.
بشرپور، سجاد. (1394). صفات شخصیت؛ نظریه و آزمون. انتشارات ساوالان.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Baumeister, R. F., & Campbell, W. K. (1999). The intrinsic appeal of evil: Sadism, sensational thrills, and threatened egotism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 210–221.
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97–102.
Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of every-day sadism. Psychological Science, 24, 2201–2209.
Carroll, J.B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chabrol, H., Melioli, T., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Goutaudier, N. (2015). The Dark Tetrad: Identifying personality profiles in high-school students. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 97–101.
Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 734–739.
Christie, R., Geis, F.L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Eher, R., Schilling, F., Hansmann, B., Pumberger, T., Nitschke, J., Habermeyer, E., & Mokros, A. (2015). Sadism and violent reoffending in sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28, 46–72.
Falkenbach, D., Poythress, N., Falki, M., & Manchak. (2007). Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of psychopathy. Assessment, 14, 341-350.
Flexon, J.L., Meldrum, R.C., Young, J.T.N., & Lehmann, P.S. (2016). Low self-control and the Dark Triad: Disentangling the predictive power of personality traits on young adult substance use, offending and victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 159-169.
Furnham, A., Richards, S.C., & Paulhus, D.L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass ;7(3):199-216.
Greitemeyer, T. (2015). Everyday sadism predicts violent video game preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 19–23.
Gunnthorsdottir, A., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. (2002). Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 49-66.
Jonason, P. K., Valentine, K.A., Li, N.P., & Harbeson, C.L. (2011). Mate selection and dark Dark Triad: Facilitating a short- term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 679-682.
Jonason, P. K., Li, N.P., Webster, G.W., & Schmitt, D.P. (2009). The dark triad triad: Facilitating a short- term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5-18.
Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., & Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 449–453.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28–41.
Jones, D.N., & Paulhus, D.L. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissists and psychopaths. Social Psychological and Personality Science;1 (1):12-18.
Knight, Niki M. (2016). The Dark Triad and HEXACO Model of Personality in Relational Aggression. Master’s Theses. The University of Southern Mississippi.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M.C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism in Five Factor Model and HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571-1582.
Lykken, D.T. (2006). Psychopathic personality: The scope of the problem.in C.J. Patrick (Ed), Handbook of psychopathy (pp.3-13). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McHoskey, J.W.(2001). Machiavellianism and sexuality: On the moderating role of biological sex. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 779-789.
Međedović, J., & Petrović, B. (2015). The dark tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. Journal of Individual Differences, 36, 228–236.
Myers,W. C., Burket, R. C., & Husted, D. S. (2006). Sadistic personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 61–71.
Nell, V. (2006). Cruelty’s rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 211–224.
O’Meara, A., Davies, J., & Hammond, S. (2011). The psychometric properties and utility of the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS). Psychological Assessment, 23, 523–531.
Pabian, S., De Backer, C.J, & Vandebosch, H. (2015). Dark triad personality traits and adolescent cyber-aggression. Personality and Individual Differences ; 75:41-46.
Paulhus, D.L., Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.
Palmer, J.C., Komarraju, M., Carter, M.Z., Karau, S.J. (2017). Angel on one shoulder: Can perceived organizational support moderate the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and counterproductive work behavior? Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 31-37.
Plouffe, R.A., Saklofske, D.H., & Smith, M.M. (2017). The Assessment of Sadistic Personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166-171.
Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Seibert, L. A. (2011). Unprovoked aggression: Effects of psychopathic traits and sadism. Journal of Personality, 79, 75–100.
Schumpe, B.M., & Lafrenière, M.A.K. (2016). Malicious joy: Sadism moderates the relationship between schadenfreude and the severity of others’ misfortue. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 32–37.
Taylor, K. E. (2009). Cruelty: Human evil and the human brain. Oxford University Press.
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2016). The sadistic trait predicts minimization of intention and causal responsibility in moral judgment. Cognition, 146, 158–171.
Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2009). Living in the age of entitlement: The narcissism epidemic. New York, NY: Free Press.