The Relationship between Self-Regulation Processes and Severity of Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder Symptoms: the Role of Conscientiousness
Subject Areas : Psychology
Maryam Karimpour
1
*
,
Mohammad Naghi Farahani
2
,
Hamid Khanipour
3
1 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of psychology and educational science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of psychology and educational science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract :
This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between self-regulation processes and the symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder according to conscientiousness in non-clinical sample. 210 Iranian students of Tehran province universities (147 women and 63 men) were selected by available sampling and completed following scales: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale , Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Questionnaire, Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale and 10 questions of conscientiousness from Goldberg Big 5 Personality Scale. The analysis path method showed the mediator role of conscientiousness in relationship between mindfulness and self-control with symptom severity of OCPD. Mindfulness was directly related to symptom severity of OCPD and conscientiousness played the mediator role between mindfulness and self-control with symptom severity of OCPD. It can be concluded that mindfulness may play the protective role against the nonclinical OCPD symptoms and high level of self-control in the individuals with pathological levels of conscientiousness may underlie OCPD symptoms.
سرافراز، مهدی‌رضا؛ قربانی، نیما؛ جواهری، عابدین. (1391). خودمهارگری: ظرفیتی واحد یا دو وجهی؟ تمایز بین وجوه بازدارندگی و برانگیزندگی در دانشجویان دانشگاه های تهران. فصلنامه‌ی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی. دورۀششم، شمارۀ چهارم. زمستان.
سجادی، معصومه السادات؛ موسوی نسب، سید محمدحسین. (1393). ذهن‌آگاهی و شادکامی ذهنی: اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم. فصلنامه‌ی علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی، دوره‌ی ششم، شماره‌ی سوم، پاییز.
صالح میرحسنی، وحیده؛ قربانی، نیما، علی‌پور، احمد؛ فرزاد، ولی اله. (1393). نقش واسطه ای فرایندهای خودشناسی (خودشناسی انسجامی و بهوشیاری) و خودمهارگری در رابطه‌ی استرس ادراک شده و عینی با اضطراب، افسردگی و علائم جسمانی آتش نشان ها. فصلنامه‌ی علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی. دوره‌ی هشتم، شماره‌ی چهارم.زمستان.
طهماسب، علیرضا؛ قربانی، نیما؛ پورحسین، رضا. (1385). خودشناسی انفکاکی و انسجامی: رابطه‌ی وجود خودشناسی با پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت. مجله‌ی روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی. سال سی و ششم، شماره‌ی 1 و 2، 76-57.
فراهانی، محمدنقی؛ کرمی‌نوری، رضا. (1394). مفهوم سلامت و بیماری در فرهنگ‌های فردگرا و جمع‌گرا. فصلنامه‌ی علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی. دوره‌ی نهم، شماره‌ی چهارم. زمستان.
فراهانی، محمدتقی؛ هاشمی‌رزینی، هادی؛ بابایی‌فرد، مریم. (1394). رابطه‌ی پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت با ویژگی‌های اختلال شخصیت مرزی و اختلال شخصیت اسکیزوتایپی در یک نمونه‌ی غیربالینی. فصلنامه‌ی علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی. دوره‌ی نهم، شماره‌ی سوم، پاییز.
قاسمی‌پور، یداله؛ قربانی، نیما. (1389). بهوشیاری و نیازهای بنیادی روانشناختی در بیماران قلبی-عروقی. مجله‌ی روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران. سال شانزدهم، شماره‌ی 2، 162-154. تابستان.
ملکی، قیصر؛ مظاهری، محمدعلی؛ ذبیح‌زاده، عباس؛ آزادی، اسمعیل و ملک‌زاده، لیدا. (1393). نقش پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت در ذهن‌آگاهی. مجله‌ی علمی-پژوهشی پژوهش‌های علوم شناختی و رفتاری. سال چهارم، شماره‌ی اول، پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان.
منتظری، محمدصادق؛ نشاط دوست، حمیدطاهر؛ عابدی، محمدرضا؛ عابدی، احمد. (1392). اثربخشی طرحواره درمانی بر کاهش شدت علائم افسردگی و اختلال شخصیت وسواسی-جبری: پژوهش منفرد. مجله‌ی روانشناسی بالینی. سال پنجم، شماره‌ی 1 (17).
Albert,U., Maina, G., Forner, F., Bogetto, F. (2004). DSM-IV Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder: Prevalence in Patients with Anxiety Disorders and in Healthy Comparison Subjects. Compr Psychiatry.45:325–32.
Ansell EB, Pinto A, Crosby DR, Becker DF, Anez LM, Paris M, et al. The prevalence and structure of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in Hispanic psychiatric outpatients. J Behavior Therapy Experiments Psychiatry. 2010;41:275-81.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social-Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248-287.
Baniassadi, T., Javanmard, Z., Zivari-Rahman, M., Shokouhi-Moqhaddam, S., Adhami, M. (2015). Investigating the Relationship between Personality Traits and Self-Control and Nicotine Dependence Symptoms in Male Prisoners in Kerman, Iran. Addict Health, 7 (1-2):82-6.
Bartz, J., Kaplan, A., & Hollander, E. (2007). Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. Personality Disorders: Toward the DSM-V. 325-352.
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M., DeWall, C. N., & Oaten, M. (2006). Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates Effects of Traits on Behavior. Journal of Personality. 74, 1773-1801.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and Why People Fail at Self-regulation. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
Behjati, Z., Saeedi, Z., Nourbala, F., Enjedani, E., & Aqaie Meybodi, F. (2011). Integrative Self-knowledge and Mental Health, 30, 705-708.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M. (2007). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in Psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 8(4), 822-848.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for Its Salutary Effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4),211-237.
Carr, A. T. (1974). Compulsive Neurosis: A Review of the Literature. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 311-318. Costa, J.R., Paul, T., & Widiger, T. A. (2002). Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Second Edition.
Coles, M. E., Pinto, A., Mancebo, M. C., Rasmussen, S. A., Eisen, J. L. (2008). OCD with comorbid OCPD: a subtype of OCD? J Psychiatry Res. 42:289-96.
Eisen, J. L., Coles, M. E., Shea, M. T., Stout, R. L., Yen, S., et al. (2006). Clarifying the Convergence between Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Criteria and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorder. 20: 294-305.
Farahani, M. N., Kormi-Nouri, R., & De Raad, B. (2017). The Relation between Conscientiousness and Mental Health in a North-European and a West-Asian Culture. Journal of Mental Health. Early Online, 1-7. Fossati, A., Vigorelli Porro, F., Maffaei, C. & Borroni, S. (2012). Are the DSM-IV Personality Disorders related to Mindfulness? An Italian Study on Clinical Participants. J Clin Psychology, 68(6):627-83.
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Cohn, L., & Griess, K. (1994). Personality Traits in Subclinical and Nonobsessive-Compulsive Volunteers and Their Parents. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 47/56.
Ghorbani, N., Bing, M. N., Watson, P. J., Davison, H. K., & LeBreton, D. L. (2003).Individualist and collectivist values: Evidence of compatibility in Iran and the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(2), 431-447.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J (2006). Religious Orientation Types in Iranian Muslims: Differences in Alexithymia, Emotional Intelligence, Self-Consciousness, and Psychological Adjustment. Review of Religious Research, 47, 3, 303-310.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology, 142(4), 395-412.
Ghorbani, N., Cunningham, C. J., & Watson, P. J. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Integrative Self-Knowledge, Mindfulness, and Private Self-Consciousness in Predicting Responses to Stress in Iran. International Journal of Psychology. 45(2), 147-154.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Farhadi, M., Chen, Zhuo. (2014). A Multi-Process Model of Self-Regulation of Mindfulness, Integrative Self-Knowledge and Self-Control in Iran. International Journal of Psychology. 49(2), 115-122.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Iran and the United States: Cross-cultural Structural Complexity and Parallel Relationships with Psychological Adjustment. Current Psychology, 28, 211-224.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J. (2004). Two Facets of Self-knowledge, the Five-factor Model, and Promotion among Iranian Managers. Social Behavior & Personality, 32, 769-776.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J. (2005). Hardiness Scales in Iranian Managers: Evidence of Incremental Validity in Relationship with the Five Factor Model and with Organizational and Psychological Adjustment. Psychological Reports. 96, 775-781.
Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, Big Five Personality, an Affect: A Meta-Analysis. Personality & Individual Differences, 47(8), 805-811.
Grant, J. E., Mooney, M. E., Kushner, M. G. (2012). Prevalence, Correlates, and Comorbidity of DMS-IV Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Psychiatr Res. 46:469–75.
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., et al. (2005) Co-occurrence of 12-month Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Personality Disorders in the US: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Psychiatr Res. 39:1–9.
Grant B. F., Hasin D. S., Stinson F. S., Dawson D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering R. P., (2004). Prevalence, Correlates, and Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 65:948-58.
Karwautz A, Troop NA, Rabe-Hesketh S, Collier DA, and Treasure JL. Personality disorders and personality dimensions in anorexia nervosa. J Pers Disord. 2003; 17:73-85.
Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., Grant, J. E., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Difficulties, and Treatment. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 17: 197-204.
Maina, G., Bellino, S., Bogetto, F., & Ravizza, L. (1993). Personality Disorders in Obsessive –Compulsive Patients: A Study Report. European Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 155-163.
Mataix-Cols, D., Baer, L., Rauch, S. L., & Jenike, M., A. (2000). Relation of Factor-Analyzed Symptoms Dimensions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to Personality Disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 199-202.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. (2009). Religion, Self-regulation & Self-control: Association, Explanations, & Implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 69.
McGuire, J.F., Small, B.J., Lewin, A.B., Murphy, T.K., De Nadai, A.S., Phares, V., Geffken, G., Stroch, E.A. Dysregulation in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2013; 209(3); 589-595.
Mousavi, A., & Ghorbani, N. (2006). Self-criticism, Self-knowledge and Mental Health. Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(4), 75-93.
Muraven, M. (2008). Autonomous Self-control is Less Depleting. Journal of Research in Personality. 42(3), 763-770.
Nestadt, G., Romanoski AJ, Brown CH, Chahal R, Merchant A, Folstein MF, et al. DSM-III compulsive personality disorder: an epidemiological survey. Psychol Med. 1991; 21:461-71.
Nilsson EW, Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rastam M. Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: personality disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 38:1389-95.
Nordahl, H. M., Stiles, T. C. (1997). Perceptions of Parental Bonding in Patients with Various Personality Disorders, Lifetime Depressive Disorders, and Healthy Controls. Journal of Personality Disorder. 11: 391-402.
Perry, J. C., Bond, M., & Roy, C. (2007). Predictors of Treatment Duration and Retention in a Study of Long-term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Childhood Adversity, Adult Personality, and Diagnoses. Journal of Psychiatric Practicing. 13: 221-32.
Petrides, K. V., Gomez, M. G. & Perez-Gonzalez, J. C. (2017). Pathways into Psychopathology: Modeling the Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence, Mindfuless, and irrational Beliefs in a Clinical Sample. Clin Psychol Psychother. 24(5):1130-1141.
Pollack, J. M., (1979). Obsessive-Compulsive Personality: A Review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 225-241. Phillips KA, McElroy SL. Personality disorders and traits in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2000; 41:229-36.
Pinto, A., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., Pagano, M. E., Rasmussen, S. A. (2006). The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: Clinical Features and Symptoms of the Sample at Intake. J Clin Psychiatry. 67:703-11.
Pinto, A., Liebowitz, M. R., Foa, E. B., Simpson, H. B. (2011). Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder as a Predictor of Exposure and Ritual Prevention Outcome for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Behaviour Research Therapy. 2011; 49:453–8.
Pinto, A., Steinglass, J. E., Greene, A. L., Weber, E. U., & Simpson, H. B. (2014). Capacity to Delay Reward Differentiates OCD & OCPD. Biol Psychiatry. 75: 653-9.
Rector, N.A., Hood, K., Richter, M.A., & Bagby, R.M. (2002). Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and The Five Factor Model of Personality: Assessing The Distinction and Overlap With Major Depressive Disorder. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 40, 1205-1219.
Rector, N.A., Richter, M.A., & Bagby, R.M. (2005). The Impact of Personality on Symptom Expression in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(4), 231-236.
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Czajkowski, N., Neale, M. C., Ostavik, R. E., Torgersen, S., Tambs, K., et al. (2007). Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dimensional representation of DSM-IV Cluster C Personality Disorders: A Population-Based Multivariate Twin Study. Psychology Medication. 37: 645-653.
Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). Conscientiousness and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, research, and Treatment, 2(3), 161-174.
Samuels, J., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Costa, P. T., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K., et al. (2000). Personality Disorders and Normal Personality Dimensions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 457-462.
Skodol, A. E., Pagana, M. E., Bender, D. S., Shea, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Yen, S., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Zanarini, M. C., & McGlashan, T. H., (2004). Stability of functional Impairment in Patients with Schizotypal, Borderline, Avoidant, or Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder over Two years. Psychological Medicine. 35. 443-451.
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., McGlashan, T. H., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L. & Bender, D. S. (2002). Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatr. 159:276–83
Sng, A. A., & Janca A. (2016). Mindfulness for Personality Disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 29(1),70-76.
Starcevic V, Brakoulias V. (2014). New diagnostic perspectives on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and its links with other conditions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 27:62–7.
Stein, D. J., & Hollander, E. (1993). Impulsive Aggression and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 23(7), 389-395.
Stanley, M. A., Turner, S. M., & Borden, J. W. (1990). Schizotypal Features in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 511-518.
Soeteman, D. I., Hakkaart-van Roijen, L., Verheul, & R., Busschbach, J. J. (2008). The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care. J Clin Psychiatry. 69:259–65.
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Terracciano, A. (2017) Facets of Conscientiousness and Risk of Dimensia. Psychol Med. 6:1-9.
Tachett, J. L., Qulity, L. C., Sellbom, M., Rector, N. A., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). Additional Evidence for a Quantitative Hierarchical Model of Mood and Anxiety Disorders for DSM-V: The Context of Personality Structure. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 117(4), 812-825.
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Luzio Boone, A. (2004). High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality. 72(2), 272-322.
Torgersen, S., Lygren, S., Oien, P. A., Skre, I., Onstad, S., Edvardsen, J., et al. (2000). A twin Study of personality Disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 41: 416-425.
Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V. (2001). The Prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:590-6.
Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Wilson R, et al.(1996). Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 169:196-201.
Villemarette-Pittman, N. R., Stanford, M. S., Greve, K. W., Houston, R. J., & Mathias, C. W. (2004). Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder and Behavioral Disinhibition. The Journal of Psychology. 138: 5-22.
Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The Prevalence of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911-1918.