The relationship between self-compassion and emotion regulation through the role of experiential avoidance and intolerance of uncertaintys
Subject Areas : Psychology
Najmeh Salarhaji
1
,
Mohammad Ali Goodarzi
2
*
,
Mohammad Reza Taghavi
3
1 - Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shiraz, Iran
3 - Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: self-compassion, emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty experiential avoidance, Transdiagnostic approach,
Abstract :
Based on the transdiagnostic approach, various variables have been introduced and found, however, their relationships and interactions are still questionable. The four important and effective transdiagnostic factors introduced in researches are emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, and self-compassion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of experiential avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between self-compassion, and emotion regulation difficulties in students. This research was in the form of modeling of various correlation methods. For this purpose, 405 students of Shiraz University present in the second semester of 2018-2019 year were enrolled by multistage cluster random sampling. Participants, then, completed the Short Form of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling, using AMOS software. The path analysis method showed that self-compassion predicted emotion regulation both directly and indirectly through intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance. Therefore, it can be concluded that self-compassion enables individuals for confrontation to their experience and enhance uncertainty tolerance to help them manage their emotions. Accordingly it is important to pay attention to the changes of these two variables in self-compassion-based interventions to regulate and manage emotions.
خانجانی، سجاد، فروغی، علی¬اکبر، صادقی، خیرالله و بحرینیان، سیدعبدالمجید (1395). ویژگی¬های روانسنجی نسخه ایرانی پرسشنامه شفقت خود(فرم کوتاه). پژوهنده، ۱۱۳(۵)، ۲۸۲ – ۲۸۹.
رضایی، علی محمد، شریفی، طیبه، غضنفری، احمد، افلاکی، الهام، و بهره دار، محمدجعفر (1399). نقش ايجاد الگوهاي منعطف رفتار از طريق مواجهه ارزش محور در فرآيند رواندرمانگري. مجله روانشناسی، 24(4)، 435-453.
کرمانی‌مامازندی، زهرا و طالع‌پسند، سیاوش (1397). ويژگيهاي روانسنجي مقياس دشواري تنظيم هيجان در دانشجويان دانشگاه سمنان. آموزش و ارزشیابی، (۴۲)، ۱۱۷ – ۱۴۲.
موسوی¬نیا، رؤیا، گلزاری، محمود، برجعلی، احمد (1393). اثربخشی آموزش تحمل بلاتکلیفی به شیوۀ شناختی رفتاری بر اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. فصلنامه روانشناسی کاربردی، ۳۱(۳)، ۷ – ۲۳.
نوذری، علی، فرهادی، مهران، و یارمحمدی واصل، مسیب (۱۴۰۰). تب يين ذهن آگاهي بر اساس تنظيم هيجان و فعاليت نظام هاي بازداري- فعالسازي رفتاري در دانشجويان. مجله روانشناسی، 25 (1)، 50 - 66 .
Aldao, A., & De Los Reyes, A. (2015). Commentary: A practical guide for translating basic research on affective science to implementing physiology in clinical child and adolescent assessments. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(2), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.895942
Bakker, A. M., Cox, D. W., Hubley, A. M., & Owens, R. L. (2019). Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of Self-Compassion and Depressive Symptoms in Recurrent Depression. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1169–1180.
Bekh Bradley, D., DeFife, J. A., Guarnaccia, C., Phifer, M. J., Fani, M. N., Ressler, K. J., & Westen, d. (2011). Emotion Dysregulation and Negative Affect: Association With Psychiatric Symptoms. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(5), 685–691.
Berking, M., & Lukas, C. A. (2015). The Affect Regulation Training (ART): a transdiagnostic approach to the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.002
Björk, G., & Sand, S. (2018). , Confronting the Unknown: Pain Catastrophizing, Emotion Regulation, Psychopathy, and Associations With Uncertainty. Örebro University.
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S., Bear, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., … Zettle, R. (2011). Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A Revised Measure of Psychological Inflexibility and Experiential Avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688.
Boulanger, J. L., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2010). Experiential Avoidance as a Functional Contextual Concept. In Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology (pp. 107–136). New York: Guilford Press.
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945.
Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational research methods, 11(2), 296-325.
Cribb, G., Moulds, M. L., & Carter, S. (2006). Rumination and Experiential Avoidance in Depression. Behaviour Change, 23(3), 165–176.
Diedrich, A., Burger, J., Kirchner, M., & Berking, M. (2017). Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 247–263.
Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self- Compassion as an Emotion Regulation Strategy in Major Depressive Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 58, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006
Diedrich, A., Hofmann, S. G., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M. (2016). Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 82, 1–10.
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotion Regulation: a Transdiagnostic Perspective on a New RDoC Domain. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 426–440.
Finlay-Jones, A. L., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015). ,Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PLoS ONE, 10(7).
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802.
Fulton, C. L. (2016). Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Counselor Characteristics and Session Variables. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(4), 360–374.
Ghasemi, N., Kalantari, M., Asghari, K., & Molavi, H. (2014). Factor Structure, Validity and Reliability of the Persian version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II-7). International Journal of Education and Research, 2(9), 85–96.
Gillanders, D. T., Sinclair, A. K., MacLean, M., & Jardine, K. (2015). Illness cognitions, cognitive fusion, avoidance and self-compassion as predictors of distress and quality of life in a heterogeneous sample of adults, after cancer. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(4), 300–311.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54.
Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments. Current opinion in psychology, 3, 85–90.
Gross, J. J. (1998b). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237.
Gross, J. J. (1998a). The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations. In Handbook of Emotion Regulation (secend edition, pp. 3–14). Guilford Press.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.
Guadagnoli E, Velicer WF. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological bulletin., 103(2), 265-75.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of Change in the Relationship between Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 10(2), 215–235.
Jones, F., & Louise, A. (2017). The relevance of self-compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework. Clinical Psychologist, 21, 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12131
Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Baettig, I., Doerig, N., & Holtforth, M. G. (2013). Self-Compassion in Depression: Associations With Depressive Symptoms, Rumination, and Avoidance in Depressed Outpatients. Behavior Therapy, 44, 501–513.
Loess, P. (2015). Self-Compassion as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms (Master of arts degree). University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P. (2015). The Role of Negative Cognition, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion in Weight Regulation Among Male Army Recruits. Mindfulness, 6(3), 545–552.
Miron, L. R., Sherrill, A. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 37–41.
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure Self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287.
Neff, K., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. l. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.002
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Gucht, D. V. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(3), 250 – 255.
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 142–154.
Santanello, A. W., & Gardner, F. L. (2007). The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and worry. Therapy and Research, 31(3), 319–332.
Sauer-Zavala, S., Gutner, C. A., Farchione, T. J., Boettcher, H. T., Bullis, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2017). Current definitions of “transdiagnostic” in treatment development: A search for consensus. Behavior Therapy, 48(1), 128–138.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). , Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
Schoenefeld, S. J., & Webb, J. B. (2013). Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining the contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action. Eating Behaviors, 14(4), 493–496.
Stevens JP. (2012). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Routledge.
Tang, W. K. (2019). Resilience and Self-Compassion Related with Achievement Emotions, Test Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Academic Achievement. Psychological Studies, 64(1),92–102.
Venta, A., Hart, J., & Sharp, C. (2012). The relation between experiential avoidance, alexithymia and emotion regulation in inpatient adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology, 18(3), 398–410.
Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., Ku, T. Y., & Shaffer, P. A. (2011). Attachment, self‐compassion, empathy, and subjective well‐being among college students and community adult. Journal of Personality, 79(1), 191–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00677.x
Williams, E. C. (2015). Self-Compassion and Self-Forgiveness as Mediated by Rumination, Shame-Proneness, and Experiential Avoidance: Implications for Mental and Physical Health (Doctoral dissertation).University of East Tennessee State. Retrieved from http://dc.etsu.edu/ etd/2562
Willits, E. (2015). Does Self-Compassion Protect Against Emotional Dysregulation, Anxiety, and Other Negative Emotions? (Master's thesis). University of South Carolina, Aiken.
Wilson, T., & Gilbert, D. (2009). The Feeling of Uncertainty Intensifies Affective Reactions. Emotion, 9(1), 123–127.
Zhang, J. W., & Chen, S. (2016). Self-compassion promotes personal improvement from regret experiences via acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(2), 244–258.