The Features of Emerging Adulthood Developmental Stage in Iranian University Students: Culture and Gender
Subject Areas : Psychology
Mohamad-Ali Naghizade
1
,
Narjes Lari
2
*
,
Elahe Hejazi
3
,
Keyvan Salehi
4
1 - Tehran University
2 - Tehran University
3 - University of Tehran
4 - Tehran University
Keywords: emerging adulthood, gender, developmental stage, phenomenology, cultural context,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to identify the features of emerging adulthood developmental stage (from 18 to 29 years old) in Iranian university students and investigate the role of gender in perception of these features. By employing criterion sampling, 15 persons (M=23.26, 8 males and 7 females) were selected from 18-29-year-old university students/graduates who were living in Tehran in 2017. All participants were subjected to a semi-structured interview. Analyzing the data by employing the phenomenological method and Colaizzi’s seven-step strategy indicated seven features, including Agency formation, Identity formation, Confusion, Optimism, Feeling in-between, Instability, and the need for intimacy. Results also showed that there were some differences between males and females in Agency formation, Confusion, Instability, and the need for intimacy. The results of this study emphasize the need to review the knowledge of the young age period in Iranian culture and provides hints in this regard.
برک، ل. (1392). روانشناسی رشد. ترجمة سیدمحمدی، تهران: ارسباران (تاریخ انتشار اثر به زبان اصلی، 2007).
دوران، ب.، آزادفلاح، پ.، فتحی آشتیانی، ع. پورحسین، ر. (1390). بررسی مدل شش بعدی فرایند شکل گیری هویت. مجله روانشناسی. 59، 302-318.
ذکایی، م. (1392). جامعه شناسی جوانان ایران. تهران: آگه.
سازمان ملی جوانان (1381). وضعیت و نگرش و مسائل جوانان ایران: جوانان 14 تا 29 ساله مراکز استان های کشور. تهران: روناس.
سلیمانی، ز. و حجازی، الف. (1397). ادراک جوانان از مفهوم بزرگسالی: آیا بین دو جنس تفاوت وجود دارد؟ فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 57، 3-16.
سلیمانی، ز. (1395). مفهوم سازی و ساخت ابزار نشانگرهای بزرگسالی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران.
فتحی، م.، کیامنش، ع. و جمهری، ف. (1397). نقش عاملیت انسانی، جنس و سن در ویژگی های هویتی: بزرگسالی در حال ظهور آرنت. فصل نامه روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 57، 33-44.
کرسول، ج. (1394). پویش کیفی و طرح پژوهش: انتخاب از میان پنج رویکرد روایت پژوهی، پدیدار شناسی، نظریه داده بنیاد، قوم نگاری، مطالعه موردی. ترجمه ح. دانایی فرد و ح. کاظمی، تهران: صفّار (تاریخ انتشار اثر به زبان اصلی، 2007).
مرکز آمار ایران (1390). نتایج تفصیلی سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن. برگرفته از https://www.amar.org.ir
مهدوی مزده، م.؛ حجازی، ا.؛ نقش، ز. (1397). رابطة ادراک ازسبک های والدینی با تاب آوری: نقش واسطه ای عاملیت انسانی. مجله روانشناسی، 87، 326-342.
میرفردی، الف.، ولی نژاد، ع. (1395). مطالعه نقش تفاوت های جنسیتی در ابعاد دین داری دانشجویان. پژوهش نامه اسلامی زنان و خانواده، 7، 73-90.
Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., McDonald, P., & Hosseini-Chavoshi, M. (2008). The family and social change in post-revolutionary Iran, in: K. M. Yount and H. Rashad (Eds.), Family in the Middle East: Ideational Changes in Egypt, Iran and Tunisia (pp. 217–235). New York: Routledge.
Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 154-168.
Arnett, J. J. (1997). Young people’s conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Youth & Society, 29, 1-23.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
Arnett, J.J. (2004). Emerging Adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2006a). The psychology of emerging adulthood: What is known, and what remains to be known? In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp.303–330). Washington, DC: APA Books.
Arnett, J. J. (2006b). Emerging Adulthood: Understanding the New Way of Coming of Age? In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp.3–20). Washington, DC: APA Books.
Arnett, J.J. (2007). Emergiبng Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good for? Child Development Perspective, 2 (1), 68-73.
Arnett, J. J. (2011). Emerging adulthood(s): The cultural psychology of a new life stage. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Bridging cultural and developmental psychology: New syntheses in theory, research, and policy (pp. 255–275). New York: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: a cultural approach (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Arnett, J.J. (2015). Emerging Adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J., & Tanner, J.L. (2009). Toward a cultural-developmental stage theory of the life course. In K. McCartney & R. Weinberg (Eds.), Development and experience: A festschrift in honor of Sandra Wood Scarr (pp. 17–38). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Badger, S., Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2006). Perceptions of the transition to adulthood among Chinese and American emerging adults. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 84–93.
Baltes, P. B., Linderberger, U., & Staudinger, U. M. (2006). Life Span Theory in Developmental Psychology. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 590-664). New York: Wiley.
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on psychological science, 1(2), 164-180.
Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48-71). New York: Oxford University Press.
Côté, J., & Bynner, J. (2008). Changes in the transition to adulthood in the UK and Canada: the role of structure and agency in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 11 (3), 251-268.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton
. Facio, A., & Micocci, F. (2003). Emerging adulthood in Argentina. New directions in child and adolescent development, 100, 21–31.
Furman, W., Brown, B. B., & Feiring, C. (1999). The development of romantic relationships in adolescence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Glaser, B., Strauss, A, L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An empirical example. Journal of Youth Studies, 13, 169-179.
Hitlin, S., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2006). Agency: An empirical model of an abstract concept. Advances in life course research, 11, 33-67.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Softeware of the Mind (3rd ed). New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Keniston, K. (1971). Youth and dissent: The rise of a new opposition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Khalajabadi-Farahani, F., Cleland, J., Mehryar, A. H. (2011). Associations Between Family Factors and Premarital Heterosexual Relationships Among Female College Students in Tehran. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 37(1), 30-39.
Kloep, M., & Hendry, L. B. (2011). A Systemic Approach to the Transitions to Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett, M. Kloep, L. B. Hendry & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Debating Emerging Adulthood, Stage or Process? (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine.
Luyckx, K., De Witte, H., Goossens, L. (2011). Perceived instability in emerging adulthood: The protective role of identity capital. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 137-145.
Nassehi-Behnam, V. (1985). Change and the Iranian Family. Current Anthropology, 26 (5), 557-562.
National Center for Education Statistics (2018). The condition of education 2018. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
Nelson, L. J. (2009). An examination of emerging adulthood in Romanian college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 402-411.
Nelson, L. J., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood: Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 26–36.
Nelson, L. J., & Chen, X. (2007). Emerging adulthood in China: The role of social and cultural factors. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 86–91.
Perry, W. G. (1999) Forms of ethical and intellectual development in the college years: A scheme. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Petrogiannis, K. (2011). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood in a sample of Greek higher education students. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(1), 121-137.
Rao, S., & Perry, C. (2003). Convergent interviewing to build a theory in under-researched areas: principles and an example investigation of Internet usage in inter-firm relationships. Qualitative Marke Research: An International Journal, 6(4), 236-247.
Reifman, A., Colwell. M. J., & Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging Adulthood: Theory, Assessment and Application. Journal of youth development, 1 (2), 40-50.
Robbins, A., & Wilner, A. (2001). Quarterlife crisis: The unique challenges of life in your twenties. New York: Tarcher.
Rokach, A. (2001). Strategies of coping with loneliness throughout the lifespan. Current Psychology, 20, 3-17.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Luyckx, K., Meca, A., & Richie, R. (2015). Identity development in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Seiter, L. N., & Nelson, L. J. (2011). An Examination of Emerging Adulthood in College Students and Nonstudents in India. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 506-536.
Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering During Emerging Adulthood: A Critical Turning Point in Life Span Human Development. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 21-55). Washington, DC: American psychological Association.
Tanner, J. L., & Arnett, J. J. (2011). Presenting “Emerging Adulthood”: What Makes It Developmentally Distinctive? In J. J. Arnett, M. Kloep, L. B. Hendry & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Debating Emerging Adulthood, Stage or Process? (pp. 13-30). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau (2017). Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, by Sex: 1890 to the Present. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/fami-lies/marital.html.
U. S. Department of Labor (2018). Number of jobs held by individuals from age 18 through age 30 in 1998-2015, Results from a longitudinal survey summary. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/nlsyth.pdf.
Valde, G. A. (1996). Identity closure: A fifth identity status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 245-254.
Waterman, A. L. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18, 341-358.
Williams, A. L., & Merten, M.j. (2014). Linking Community, Parenting, and Depressive Symptom Trajectories: Testing Resilience Models of Adolescent Agency Based on Race/Ethnicity and Gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1563-1575.