Predicting Suicidal Thoughts Based on Parental Psychological Control: The Mediating role of Mindfulness
Subject Areas : Psychologyzahra eghdami 1 * , Mahboubeh Fouladchang 2
1 - Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 - Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Keywords: mindfulness, parental sychological control, suicidal thoughts,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between parental psychological control and suicidal ideation. Participants included 375 undergraduate students (204 girls and 171 boys) from Shiraz University who were selected using multistage random cluster sampling. They completed the dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control scale, five facet mindfulness questionnaire, and beck scale for suicide ideation. Reliability of research instruments was determined by Cronbach's alpha and validity by confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model fits well with the data of this study and that parental psychological control negatively predicts the dimensions of mindfulness. The findings also showed that parental psychological control has an indirect effect (through mindfulness) on suicidal thoughts. It is concluded that the parents' induction of shame and guilt in order to achievement or dependency of children can prevent mindfulness and then determine suicidal thoughts.
References:
آذرگون، حسن؛ و کجباف، محمدباقر. (1389). اثربخشی آموزش ذهن آگاهی برکاهش نگرش ناکارآمد و افکارخودآیند دانشجویان افسرده دانشگاه اصفهان. مجله روانشناسی، 14(1)، 94-79.
اکرمی، لیلا؛ ملک¬پور، مختار؛ و عابدی، احمد. (1399). نقش واسه¬ای سبک¬های فرزندپروری والدین با مشکلات دوره بلوغ. مجله روانشناسی، 24(4)، 416-395.
حاجی¬علیانی، وحید؛ احسان بهرامی، هادی؛ و نوفرستی، اعظم. (1399). تأثیر شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر کاهش افکار خودکشی و افزایش خود شفقت‌ورزی در دانشجویان. مجله رویش روانشناسی، 9(5)، 154-147.
صدری¬دمیرچي، اسماعیل؛ و صمد¬ی¬فرد، حمیدرضا. (1397). نقش باورهای غیرمنطقي،ذهن¬آگاهی و اجتناب شناختي در پیش¬بیني افکار خودکشي سربازان وظیفه. مجله طب نظامي، 20 (4)، 468-431.
گودرزی، امیرحسین؛ گل¬محمدی، علی¬اکبر؛ بشیرگنبدی، سپیده؛ و صمدی، ساره. (1397). اثربخشی ذهن‌آگاهی مبتنی بر کاهش استرس بر افکار خودکشی و پرخاشگری در سربازان وظیفه. مجله طب نظامی. 7(4)، 152-147.
محمودی، هیوا. (1398). رابطه سبک¬های دلبستگی و گرایش به خودکشی با نقش تعدیل¬کنندگی خودانتقادی و وابستگی در دانشجویان. مجله روانشناسی، 23(4)، 439-424.
میرغفاری، ساناز؛ و نیکوگفتار، منصوره. (1399). رابطه سلامت اجتماعی و سرمایه روان شناختی والدین با رفتار جامعه پسند نوجوانان: نقش واسطه-ای همدلی. فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ايرانی، 17(65)، 107-95.
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Kolves, K., & Reavley, N. (2019). Suicide postvention service models and guidelines 2014-2019: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2677.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006).Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness.Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Journal ofChild Development, 67, 3296–3319.
Barber, B. K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning.Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(2), 206-230.
Barber, B. K. (2002). Intrusive parenting: How psycho- logical control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K., Xia, M. Z., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2012). Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 273–287.
Barber, B. K., & Xia, M. (2013). The centrality of control to parenting and its effects. In: A. S. Morris, R. E. Larzelere SpringerAmpamp; A. W. Harrist (Eds.), New directions for authoritative parenting. (pp. 61–87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013a). Correlates of suicide stigma and suicide literacy in the community.Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 406-417.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for Suicidal Ideation: psychometric properties of a self-report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499-505.
Birnbaum, L., & Birnbaum, A. (2004).Guided mindfulness meditation in the context of suicidality.Scientific word Journal, 4, 216-227.
Bowers, E. P., Johnson, S. K., Buckingham, M. H., Gasca, S., Warren, D. A., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2014). Important nonparental adults and positive youth development across mid- to late-adolescence: the moderating effect of parenting profiles. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(6), 897–918.
Breton, J. J., Labelle, R., Berthiaume, C., Royer, C., St-Georges, M., Ricard, D., Abadie, P., Gérardin, P., Cohen, D., &.Guile, J. M. (2015).Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescence.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, S5-S15.
Bridge, J. A., Goldstein, T. R., &Brent, D. A. (2006).Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior.The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,47 (3-4), 372–394.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development:Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015). Five Facets of Mindfulness and Psychological Health: Evaluating a Psychological Model of the Mechanisms of Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1021–1032.
Brown, K. W, Creswell, J. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research and practice: Guilford Publications.
Buckholdt, K. E., Parra, G. R., & Jobe-Shields, L. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation through parental invalidation of emotions: Implications for adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23, 324-332.
Bureau, J. F, Martin, J., Freynet, N., Poirier, A. A., Lafontaine, M. F., &Cloutier, P. (2010).Perceived dimensions of parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 484-494.
Chesin, M., Interian, A., Kline, A., Benjamin-Phillips, C., Latorre, M., & Stanley, B. (2016).Reviewing Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Suicidal Behavior.Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4),507-27.
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 3–21.
Connor, J. J., & Rueter, M. A. (2006).Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality.Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 143-155.
Costa, S., Hausenblas, H. A., Oliva, P., Cuzzocrea, F., & Larcan, R. (2015b).Perceived parental psychological control and exercise dependence symptoms in competitive athletes.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 59–72.
Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., & Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47-67.
Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., Deyessa, N., Heise, L., Durand, J., Mbwambo, J., Jansen, H., Berhane, Y., Ellsberg, M., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social science & medicine, 73(1), 79-86.
Donath, C., Graessel, E., Baier, D., Bleich, S., & Hillemacher, T. (2014). Is parenting style a predictor of suicide attempts in a representative sample of adolescents? BMC Pediatrics, 14 (113), 1-13.
Du, C., You, J., Zheng, X., Ren, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2016). The Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Negative Emotions.Journal of Psychological Abnormalities, 5(2), 1-5.
Endo, G., Tachikawa, H., Fukuoka, Y., Aiba, M., Nemoto, K., Shiratori, Y., Matsui, Y., Nagafumi, D., & Asada, T. (2014). How perceived social support relates to suicidal ideation: A Japanese social resident survey. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(3), 290-298.
Erbacher, T. A., Singer, J. B., & Poland, S. (2015). Suicide in schools: A practitioner’s guide to multi-level prevention, assessment, intervention, and postvention. New York: Routledge
Fortune, S., Cottrell, D., & Fife, S. (2016). Family factors associated with adolescent self-harm: a narrative review. Journal of Family Therapy, 38(2), 226–256.
Gau, S., Chen, Y., Tsai, F., Lee, M., Chiu, Y., Soong, W., & Hwu, H. (2008).Risk factors for suicide in Taiwanese college students.Journal of American College Health, 57(2), 135–142.
Giugliano, R. P., Pedersen, T. R., Park, J., De Ferrari, G. M., Gaciong, Z. A., & Ceska, R.... (2017).Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. The Lancet, 390(10106), 1962-1971.
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work.Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142.
Gulliver, P., & Fanslow, J. (2013). Exploring risk factors for suicidal ideation in a population based sample of New Zealand women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 37(6), 527-533.
Gvion, Y., Horesh, N., Levi-Belz, Y., & Apter, A.(2015).A proposed model of the development of suicidal ideations.Comprehensive Psychiatry,56(6),93–102.
Gvion, Y., & Apter, A. (2012).Suicide and suicidal behavior.Public health reviews, 34(2), 1-20
Han, B., Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., & McKeon, R. (2015).Prevalence and correlates of past 12-month suicide attempt among adults with past-year suicidal ideation in the United States.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76 (3), 295-302.
Hanley, A. W., Mehling, E., & Garland, E. L. (2017).Holding the body in mind: Interceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 13-20.
Harris, T. L., & Molock, S. D. (2000). Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(4), 341–353.
Hargus, E., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. (2010).Effects of mindfulness on meta-awareness and specificity of describing prodromal symptoms in suicidal depression.Emotion, 10(1), 34-42.
Harker, R., Pidgeon, A. M., Klaassen, F., & King, S. (2016). Exploring resilience and mindfulness as preventative factors for psychological distress burnout and secondary traumatic stress among human service professionals.Work, 54(3).631-637.
Hashemi, R., Moustafa, A.A, Rahmati Kankat, L., & Valikhani, A. (2017). Mindfulness and Suicide Ideation in Iranian Cardiovascular Patients: Testing the Mediating Role of Patience. Psychological Reports, 121(6), 1037-1052.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25. Heath, N. L., Carsley D, De Riggi, M. E., Mills, D., & Mettler, J. (2016). The Relationship between Mindfulness, Depressive Symptoms and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury amongst Adolescents.Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4), 635-649.
Hedman, E., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Axelsson, E., & Ljotsson, B. (2017).Themediating effect of mindful non-reactivity in exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for severe health anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 15-22.
Hiswals, A. S., Ghilagaber, G., Wijk, K., Oberg, P., Soares, J., & Macassa, G. (2015).Employment status and suicidal ideation during economic recession.Health Science Journal, 9(1), 1-13.
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749–775.
Hoskins, D. H. (2014).Consequences of Parenting on Adolescent Outcomes.Societies, 4(3),506–531.
Hunter, S. B., Barber, B. K., & Stolz, H. E. (2015).Extending knowledge of parents’ role in adolescent development: The mediating effect of self-esteem.Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2474–2484.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR).Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review,31(6),1041–1056.
Kiken, L. G., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Being present and enjoying it: Dispositional mindfulness and savoring the moment are distinct, interactive predictors of positive emotions and psychological health. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1280-1290.
King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2016). Authoritarian parenting and youth depression: results from a national study. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 44(2),130–139. Klein, D. N., Kujawa, A. J., Black, S. R., & Pennock, A. T. (2013). Depressive disorders. In Beauchaine, T.P. & Hinshaw, S.P. (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (2nd ed.) (pp. 543-575). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 3rd Edition, New York, London, The Guilford Press.
Klonsky, D. E., & May, A. M. (2015). The three- step theory (3st): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation- to- action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114-129.
Klonsky, D. E., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 307-330.
Kumar, U. (2014). Suicidal Behaviour: Underlying Dynamics. Routledge.
Kuramoto-Crawford, S. J., Ali, M. M., & Wilcox, H.C. (2017).Parent-child connectedness and long-term risk for suicidal ideation in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents.Crisis , 38, 309–318.
Kurt, D., Sayil, M., & Kindap Tepe, Y. (2013). Summary the Relation between Parental Psychological Control and Late Adolescents’ Loneliness: The Mediator Roles of Interpersonal Trust and Attachment. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 28(71), 117-119.
Kwok, S. Y., &Shek, D. T. (2010). Cognitive, emotive, and cognitive-behavioral correlates of suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 10, 366-379.
Lam, W. M. (2014). In their own words: Perceived experiences and family functioning of suicide survivors before and after suicide loss. (Doctoral dissertation, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine).
Lamis, D. A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2014). Mindfulness, Nonattachment, and Suicide Rumination in College Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms. Mindfulness, 5(5), 487-496.
Lee, H. Y., Hahm, M. I., & Park, E. C. (2013).Differential association of socio-economic status with gender-and age-defined suicidal ideation among adult and elderly individuals in South Korea.Psychiatry research, 210(1), 323-328.
Legleye, S., Beck, F., Peretti-Watel, P., Chau, N., & Firdion, J. M. (2010). Suicidal ideation among young French adults: association with occupation, family, sexual activity, personal background and drug use. Journal of affective disorders, 123(1-3), 108-115.
Lewis, A. B., & Ebbeck, V. (2014). Mindful and self-compassionate leadership development: preliminary discussions with wildland fire managers. Journal of Forestry, 112(2), 230–236.
Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic Internet use mong Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(6), 442–447.
Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., & Walser, R. D. (2007).Learning ACT: An acceptance and commitment therapy skills-training manual for therapists.New Harbinger; Oakland, CA.
Luoma, J. B, Villatte, J. L. (2012). Mindfulness in the Treatment of Suicidal Individuals.Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 265-276.
Mark, L. (2013). Suicidal ideation, risk factors, and communication with parents: an HBSC study on school children in Estonia, Lithuania, and Luxembourg. Crisis, 34(1), 3–12.
McLaren, S., Gomez, R., Gill, P., & Chesler, J. (2015). Marital status and suicidal ideation among Australian older adults: the mediating role of sense of belonging. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(1), 145-154.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Manapragada, A., Viswesvaran, C., & Allen, J. W. (2017). Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness. Journal Human Performance, 30(2), 79-98.
Nanda, M., Kotchick, B., & Grover, R. (2012). Parental psychological control and childhood anxiety: The mediating role of perceived lack of control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(4), 637–645.
Nelson, D. A., Yang, C., Coyne, S. M., Olsen, J. A., & Hart, C. H. (2013). Parental psychological control dimensions: connections with Russian preschoolers’ physical and relational aggression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 1–8.
Nguyen, H. T., & Nguyen, H. V. (2018).Positive and negative emotions and nonattachment in Vietnamese Buddhists.Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 32-42.
O'Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014).The psychology of suicidal behaviour.Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1),73–85.
Ordaz, S. J., Goyer, M. S., Ho, T. C., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Network basis of suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents.Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 92–99.
Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 871-884.
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70(3), 768-778.
Pomerantz, E. M., & Wang, Q. (2009).The role of parental control in children's development in Western and East Asian countries.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 285-289.
Raufelder, D., Hoferichter, F., Ringeisen, T., Regner, N., & Jacke, C. (2015). The perceived role of parental support and pressure in the interplay of test anxiety and school engagement among adolescents: Evidence for gender-specific relations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(12), 3742–3756.
Reb, J., & Atkins, P. W. B. (Eds.). (2015). Mindfulness in organizations: Foundations, research, and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruotsalainen, J. H., Verbeek, J. H., Mariné, A., & Serra, C. (2014).Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12 (2892).
Sabatelli, R. M., & Mazor, A. (1985). Differentiation, individuation, and identity formation: The integration of family system and individual developmental perspectives. Adolescence, 20(79), 619– 633.
Saha, R., Huebner, E. C., Suldo, S. M., & Valois, R. F. (2010).A longitudinal study of adolescent life satisfaction and parenting.Child Indicators Research, 3(2), 149- 165.
Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 819–829.
Sayil, M., & Kindap, Y. (2010). Turkish adaptation of the parental psychological control scale(s): A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Psychological Articles, 13(25), 62-71.
Schleider, J. L., Velez, C. E., Krause, E. D., & Gillham, J. (2014). Perceived psychological control and anxiety in early adolescents: The mediating role of attributional style. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(1), 71–81.
Scott, L. N., Pilkonis, P. A., Hipwell, A. E, Keenan, K., & Stepp, S. D. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation as predictors of suicide attempts in adolescent girls: a multi-wave prospective study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 1-10.
Shani, C., Yelena, S., Reut, B. K., Adrian, S., & Sami, H. (2016). Suicidal risk among infertile women undergoing in-vitro fertilization: Incidence and risk factors. Psychiatry research, 240, 53-59.
Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2017).The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions, 2nd ed., (pp. 69-80). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, xiv, 212 pp.
Shenouda, E. N., & Basha, S. E. (2014). Resilience, Social support, and stress as predictors of Suicide ideation among Public universities' students in Egypt. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(8), 37-66.
Shorey, R. C., Elmquist, J., Wolford-Clevenger, C., Gawrysiak, M. J., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2016). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness, borderline personality features, and suicidal ideation in a sample of women in residential substance use treatment. Psychiatry research, 238, 122-128.
Smith, S. A. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: an intervention to enhance the effectiveness of nurses' coping with work-related stress. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 25(2), 119-130.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: Distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. Journal of Personality, 78, 217–256.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Maladaptive perfectionistic self-representations: The mediational link between psychological control and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 487–498.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Vandereycken, W., Luyten, P., Sierens,E., & Goossens, L. (2008). Perceived parental psychological control and eating-disordered symptoms: Maladaptive perfectionism as a possible intervening variable. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(2), 144–152.
Symeou, M., & Georgiou, S. (2017). Externalizing and internalizing behaviours in adolescence, and the importance of parental behavioural and psychological control practices. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 104–113.
Sylvia, Y. C., Lai, K., & Daniel, T. L, S, (2010).Hopelessness, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong.Journal of Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(3), 224-233.
Turecki, G., Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour.The Lancet, 387(10024), 1227–1239.
Vanderoost, F., van der Wielen, S., Van Nunen, K., & Van Hal, G. (2013). Employment loss during economic crisis and suicidal thoughts in Belgium: a survey in general practice. BritishJournal of General Practice, 63(615), 691-697.
Vijayakumar L. (2015). Suicide in women.Indian Journal Psychiatry, 57(6), 233-238.
World Health Organization.(2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization.(2018). Suicide fact sheet. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ (accessed 19 March 2018).
آذرگون، حسن؛ و کجباف، محمدباقر. (1389). اثربخشی آموزش ذهن آگاهی برکاهش نگرش ناکارآمد و افکارخودآیند دانشجویان افسرده دانشگاه اصفهان. مجله روانشناسی، 14(1)، 94-79.
اکرمی، لیلا؛ ملک¬پور، مختار؛ و عابدی، احمد. (1399). نقش واسه¬ای سبک¬های فرزندپروری والدین با مشکلات دوره بلوغ. مجله روانشناسی، 24(4)، 416-395.
حاجی¬علیانی، وحید؛ احسان بهرامی، هادی؛ و نوفرستی، اعظم. (1399). تأثیر شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر کاهش افکار خودکشی و افزایش خود شفقت‌ورزی در دانشجویان. مجله رویش روانشناسی، 9(5)، 154-147.
صدری¬دمیرچي، اسماعیل؛ و صمد¬ی¬فرد، حمیدرضا. (1397). نقش باورهای غیرمنطقي،ذهن¬آگاهی و اجتناب شناختي در پیش¬بیني افکار خودکشي سربازان وظیفه. مجله طب نظامي، 20 (4)، 468-431.
گودرزی، امیرحسین؛ گل¬محمدی، علی¬اکبر؛ بشیرگنبدی، سپیده؛ و صمدی، ساره. (1397). اثربخشی ذهن‌آگاهی مبتنی بر کاهش استرس بر افکار خودکشی و پرخاشگری در سربازان وظیفه. مجله طب نظامی. 7(4)، 152-147.
محمودی، هیوا. (1398). رابطه سبک¬های دلبستگی و گرایش به خودکشی با نقش تعدیل¬کنندگی خودانتقادی و وابستگی در دانشجویان. مجله روانشناسی، 23(4)، 439-424.
میرغفاری، ساناز؛ و نیکوگفتار، منصوره. (1399). رابطه سلامت اجتماعی و سرمایه روان شناختی والدین با رفتار جامعه پسند نوجوانان: نقش واسطه-ای همدلی. فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ايرانی، 17(65)، 107-95.
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Kolves, K., & Reavley, N. (2019). Suicide postvention service models and guidelines 2014-2019: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2677.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006).Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness.Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Journal ofChild Development, 67, 3296–3319.
Barber, B. K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning.Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(2), 206-230.
Barber, B. K. (2002). Intrusive parenting: How psycho- logical control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K., Xia, M. Z., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2012). Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 273–287.
Barber, B. K., & Xia, M. (2013). The centrality of control to parenting and its effects. In: A. S. Morris, R. E. Larzelere SpringerAmpamp; A. W. Harrist (Eds.), New directions for authoritative parenting. (pp. 61–87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013a). Correlates of suicide stigma and suicide literacy in the community.Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 406-417.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for Suicidal Ideation: psychometric properties of a self-report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499-505.
Birnbaum, L., & Birnbaum, A. (2004).Guided mindfulness meditation in the context of suicidality.Scientific word Journal, 4, 216-227.
Bowers, E. P., Johnson, S. K., Buckingham, M. H., Gasca, S., Warren, D. A., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2014). Important nonparental adults and positive youth development across mid- to late-adolescence: the moderating effect of parenting profiles. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(6), 897–918.
Breton, J. J., Labelle, R., Berthiaume, C., Royer, C., St-Georges, M., Ricard, D., Abadie, P., Gérardin, P., Cohen, D., &.Guile, J. M. (2015).Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescence.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, S5-S15.
Bridge, J. A., Goldstein, T. R., &Brent, D. A. (2006).Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior.The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,47 (3-4), 372–394.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development:Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015). Five Facets of Mindfulness and Psychological Health: Evaluating a Psychological Model of the Mechanisms of Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1021–1032.
Brown, K. W, Creswell, J. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research and practice: Guilford Publications.
Buckholdt, K. E., Parra, G. R., & Jobe-Shields, L. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation through parental invalidation of emotions: Implications for adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23, 324-332.
Bureau, J. F, Martin, J., Freynet, N., Poirier, A. A., Lafontaine, M. F., &Cloutier, P. (2010).Perceived dimensions of parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 484-494.
Chesin, M., Interian, A., Kline, A., Benjamin-Phillips, C., Latorre, M., & Stanley, B. (2016).Reviewing Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Suicidal Behavior.Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4),507-27.
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 3–21.
Connor, J. J., & Rueter, M. A. (2006).Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality.Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 143-155.
Costa, S., Hausenblas, H. A., Oliva, P., Cuzzocrea, F., & Larcan, R. (2015b).Perceived parental psychological control and exercise dependence symptoms in competitive athletes.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 59–72.
Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., & Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47-67.
Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., Deyessa, N., Heise, L., Durand, J., Mbwambo, J., Jansen, H., Berhane, Y., Ellsberg, M., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social science & medicine, 73(1), 79-86.
Donath, C., Graessel, E., Baier, D., Bleich, S., & Hillemacher, T. (2014). Is parenting style a predictor of suicide attempts in a representative sample of adolescents? BMC Pediatrics, 14 (113), 1-13.
Du, C., You, J., Zheng, X., Ren, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2016). The Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Negative Emotions.Journal of Psychological Abnormalities, 5(2), 1-5.
Endo, G., Tachikawa, H., Fukuoka, Y., Aiba, M., Nemoto, K., Shiratori, Y., Matsui, Y., Nagafumi, D., & Asada, T. (2014). How perceived social support relates to suicidal ideation: A Japanese social resident survey. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(3), 290-298.
Erbacher, T. A., Singer, J. B., & Poland, S. (2015). Suicide in schools: A practitioner’s guide to multi-level prevention, assessment, intervention, and postvention. New York: Routledge
Fortune, S., Cottrell, D., & Fife, S. (2016). Family factors associated with adolescent self-harm: a narrative review. Journal of Family Therapy, 38(2), 226–256.
Gau, S., Chen, Y., Tsai, F., Lee, M., Chiu, Y., Soong, W., & Hwu, H. (2008).Risk factors for suicide in Taiwanese college students.Journal of American College Health, 57(2), 135–142.
Giugliano, R. P., Pedersen, T. R., Park, J., De Ferrari, G. M., Gaciong, Z. A., & Ceska, R.... (2017).Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. The Lancet, 390(10106), 1962-1971.
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work.Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142.
Gulliver, P., & Fanslow, J. (2013). Exploring risk factors for suicidal ideation in a population based sample of New Zealand women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 37(6), 527-533.
Gvion, Y., Horesh, N., Levi-Belz, Y., & Apter, A.(2015).A proposed model of the development of suicidal ideations.Comprehensive Psychiatry,56(6),93–102.
Gvion, Y., & Apter, A. (2012).Suicide and suicidal behavior.Public health reviews, 34(2), 1-20
Han, B., Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., & McKeon, R. (2015).Prevalence and correlates of past 12-month suicide attempt among adults with past-year suicidal ideation in the United States.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76 (3), 295-302.
Hanley, A. W., Mehling, E., & Garland, E. L. (2017).Holding the body in mind: Interceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 13-20.
Harris, T. L., & Molock, S. D. (2000). Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(4), 341–353.
Hargus, E., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. (2010).Effects of mindfulness on meta-awareness and specificity of describing prodromal symptoms in suicidal depression.Emotion, 10(1), 34-42.
Harker, R., Pidgeon, A. M., Klaassen, F., & King, S. (2016). Exploring resilience and mindfulness as preventative factors for psychological distress burnout and secondary traumatic stress among human service professionals.Work, 54(3).631-637.
Hashemi, R., Moustafa, A.A, Rahmati Kankat, L., & Valikhani, A. (2017). Mindfulness and Suicide Ideation in Iranian Cardiovascular Patients: Testing the Mediating Role of Patience. Psychological Reports, 121(6), 1037-1052.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25. Heath, N. L., Carsley D, De Riggi, M. E., Mills, D., & Mettler, J. (2016). The Relationship between Mindfulness, Depressive Symptoms and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury amongst Adolescents.Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4), 635-649.
Hedman, E., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Axelsson, E., & Ljotsson, B. (2017).Themediating effect of mindful non-reactivity in exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for severe health anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 15-22.
Hiswals, A. S., Ghilagaber, G., Wijk, K., Oberg, P., Soares, J., & Macassa, G. (2015).Employment status and suicidal ideation during economic recession.Health Science Journal, 9(1), 1-13.
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749–775.
Hoskins, D. H. (2014).Consequences of Parenting on Adolescent Outcomes.Societies, 4(3),506–531.
Hunter, S. B., Barber, B. K., & Stolz, H. E. (2015).Extending knowledge of parents’ role in adolescent development: The mediating effect of self-esteem.Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2474–2484.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR).Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review,31(6),1041–1056.
Kiken, L. G., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Being present and enjoying it: Dispositional mindfulness and savoring the moment are distinct, interactive predictors of positive emotions and psychological health. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1280-1290.
King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2016). Authoritarian parenting and youth depression: results from a national study. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 44(2),130–139. Klein, D. N., Kujawa, A. J., Black, S. R., & Pennock, A. T. (2013). Depressive disorders. In Beauchaine, T.P. & Hinshaw, S.P. (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (2nd ed.) (pp. 543-575). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 3rd Edition, New York, London, The Guilford Press.
Klonsky, D. E., & May, A. M. (2015). The three- step theory (3st): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation- to- action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114-129.
Klonsky, D. E., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 307-330.
Kumar, U. (2014). Suicidal Behaviour: Underlying Dynamics. Routledge.
Kuramoto-Crawford, S. J., Ali, M. M., & Wilcox, H.C. (2017).Parent-child connectedness and long-term risk for suicidal ideation in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents.Crisis , 38, 309–318.
Kurt, D., Sayil, M., & Kindap Tepe, Y. (2013). Summary the Relation between Parental Psychological Control and Late Adolescents’ Loneliness: The Mediator Roles of Interpersonal Trust and Attachment. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 28(71), 117-119.
Kwok, S. Y., &Shek, D. T. (2010). Cognitive, emotive, and cognitive-behavioral correlates of suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 10, 366-379.
Lam, W. M. (2014). In their own words: Perceived experiences and family functioning of suicide survivors before and after suicide loss. (Doctoral dissertation, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine).
Lamis, D. A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2014). Mindfulness, Nonattachment, and Suicide Rumination in College Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms. Mindfulness, 5(5), 487-496.
Lee, H. Y., Hahm, M. I., & Park, E. C. (2013).Differential association of socio-economic status with gender-and age-defined suicidal ideation among adult and elderly individuals in South Korea.Psychiatry research, 210(1), 323-328.
Legleye, S., Beck, F., Peretti-Watel, P., Chau, N., & Firdion, J. M. (2010). Suicidal ideation among young French adults: association with occupation, family, sexual activity, personal background and drug use. Journal of affective disorders, 123(1-3), 108-115.
Lewis, A. B., & Ebbeck, V. (2014). Mindful and self-compassionate leadership development: preliminary discussions with wildland fire managers. Journal of Forestry, 112(2), 230–236.
Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic Internet use mong Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(6), 442–447.
Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., & Walser, R. D. (2007).Learning ACT: An acceptance and commitment therapy skills-training manual for therapists.New Harbinger; Oakland, CA.
Luoma, J. B, Villatte, J. L. (2012). Mindfulness in the Treatment of Suicidal Individuals.Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 265-276.
Mark, L. (2013). Suicidal ideation, risk factors, and communication with parents: an HBSC study on school children in Estonia, Lithuania, and Luxembourg. Crisis, 34(1), 3–12.
McLaren, S., Gomez, R., Gill, P., & Chesler, J. (2015). Marital status and suicidal ideation among Australian older adults: the mediating role of sense of belonging. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(1), 145-154.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Manapragada, A., Viswesvaran, C., & Allen, J. W. (2017). Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness. Journal Human Performance, 30(2), 79-98.
Nanda, M., Kotchick, B., & Grover, R. (2012). Parental psychological control and childhood anxiety: The mediating role of perceived lack of control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(4), 637–645.
Nelson, D. A., Yang, C., Coyne, S. M., Olsen, J. A., & Hart, C. H. (2013). Parental psychological control dimensions: connections with Russian preschoolers’ physical and relational aggression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 1–8.
Nguyen, H. T., & Nguyen, H. V. (2018).Positive and negative emotions and nonattachment in Vietnamese Buddhists.Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 32-42.
O'Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014).The psychology of suicidal behaviour.Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1),73–85.
Ordaz, S. J., Goyer, M. S., Ho, T. C., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Network basis of suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents.Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 92–99.
Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 871-884.
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70(3), 768-778.
Pomerantz, E. M., & Wang, Q. (2009).The role of parental control in children's development in Western and East Asian countries.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 285-289.
Raufelder, D., Hoferichter, F., Ringeisen, T., Regner, N., & Jacke, C. (2015). The perceived role of parental support and pressure in the interplay of test anxiety and school engagement among adolescents: Evidence for gender-specific relations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(12), 3742–3756.
Reb, J., & Atkins, P. W. B. (Eds.). (2015). Mindfulness in organizations: Foundations, research, and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruotsalainen, J. H., Verbeek, J. H., Mariné, A., & Serra, C. (2014).Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12 (2892).
Sabatelli, R. M., & Mazor, A. (1985). Differentiation, individuation, and identity formation: The integration of family system and individual developmental perspectives. Adolescence, 20(79), 619– 633.
Saha, R., Huebner, E. C., Suldo, S. M., & Valois, R. F. (2010).A longitudinal study of adolescent life satisfaction and parenting.Child Indicators Research, 3(2), 149- 165.
Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 819–829.
Sayil, M., & Kindap, Y. (2010). Turkish adaptation of the parental psychological control scale(s): A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Psychological Articles, 13(25), 62-71.
Schleider, J. L., Velez, C. E., Krause, E. D., & Gillham, J. (2014). Perceived psychological control and anxiety in early adolescents: The mediating role of attributional style. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(1), 71–81.
Scott, L. N., Pilkonis, P. A., Hipwell, A. E, Keenan, K., & Stepp, S. D. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation as predictors of suicide attempts in adolescent girls: a multi-wave prospective study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 1-10.
Shani, C., Yelena, S., Reut, B. K., Adrian, S., & Sami, H. (2016). Suicidal risk among infertile women undergoing in-vitro fertilization: Incidence and risk factors. Psychiatry research, 240, 53-59.
Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2017).The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions, 2nd ed., (pp. 69-80). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, xiv, 212 pp.
Shenouda, E. N., & Basha, S. E. (2014). Resilience, Social support, and stress as predictors of Suicide ideation among Public universities' students in Egypt. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(8), 37-66.
Shorey, R. C., Elmquist, J., Wolford-Clevenger, C., Gawrysiak, M. J., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2016). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness, borderline personality features, and suicidal ideation in a sample of women in residential substance use treatment. Psychiatry research, 238, 122-128.
Smith, S. A. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: an intervention to enhance the effectiveness of nurses' coping with work-related stress. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 25(2), 119-130.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: Distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. Journal of Personality, 78, 217–256.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Maladaptive perfectionistic self-representations: The mediational link between psychological control and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 487–498.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Vandereycken, W., Luyten, P., Sierens,E., & Goossens, L. (2008). Perceived parental psychological control and eating-disordered symptoms: Maladaptive perfectionism as a possible intervening variable. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(2), 144–152.
Symeou, M., & Georgiou, S. (2017). Externalizing and internalizing behaviours in adolescence, and the importance of parental behavioural and psychological control practices. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 104–113.
Sylvia, Y. C., Lai, K., & Daniel, T. L, S, (2010).Hopelessness, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong.Journal of Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(3), 224-233.
Turecki, G., Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour.The Lancet, 387(10024), 1227–1239.
Vanderoost, F., van der Wielen, S., Van Nunen, K., & Van Hal, G. (2013). Employment loss during economic crisis and suicidal thoughts in Belgium: a survey in general practice. BritishJournal of General Practice, 63(615), 691-697.
Vijayakumar L. (2015). Suicide in women.Indian Journal Psychiatry, 57(6), 233-238.
World Health Organization.(2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization.(2018). Suicide fact sheet. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ (accessed 19 March 2018).