The mediating role of personal agency in the relationship between parental attachment and ego identity in emerging adulthood.
Subject Areas : PsychologyElahe Hejazi 1 * , Nadia Rohani 2 , zahra naghsh 3
1 - Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Emerging Adulthood, Parental Attachment, Personal Agency, Ego Identity.,
Abstract :
Emerging adulthood as a distinct developmental stage emphasizes on the age range of 18 to 29 years. According to Arnett (2000), this developmental stage only occurs in industrialized countries, but accomplished researches have shown that emerging adulthood also exists in other cultures. According to importance of identity and personal agency and lack of sufficient knowledge of the aspects of this stage in Iran, the purpose of present study is to determine the mediating role of personal agency on the relationship between parental attachment and ego identity in emerging adulthood. In this study, the participants (N=540) were students from one of the universities of Tehran, between 18 to 29. They completed a survey consisted of: IDEA (The Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood), ECR-RS (The Experience in Close Relationships-Relational Structures), Personal Agency and EIPQ (Ego Identity Process Questionnaire). The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that personal agency had a mediating role in relationship between parental attachment and ego identity. The model of father and mother has analyzed separately; the results showed that the father attachment had a greater effect on personal agency.
اتحادی، الهام. 1387. استانداردسازی و تعیین اعتبار و روایی پرسشنامه فرایند هویت من. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد؛ وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی - دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی.
برک، لورا (1392). روانشناسی رشد. ترجمه یحیی سید محمدی، تهران: ارسباران.
بشارت، محمدعلی؛ شفیعی، رزا؛ رحیمینژاد، عباس. ۱۳۹۶. رابطه بین کنشوری ادراکشده خانواده و سبکهای هویت: نقش واسطهای استحکام من. خانوادهپژوهی. ۷-۲۴.
پاکدامن،شهلا؛ سادات سیدموسوی،پریسا؛ قنبری،سعید؛a1390 . کیفیت دلبستگی و مشکلات رفتاری- هیجانی در نوجوانان: بررسی نقش پدران. روان شناسی کاربردی 85-100.
پاکدامن،شهلا؛ سادات سیدموسوی،پریسا؛ قنبری،سعید؛ملحی، سعید.b 1390. کیفیت دلبستگی به والدین و نشانه های درونی سازی شده و برون سازی شده در نوجوانان: بررسی مقایسه ای پدران و مادران. پژوهش های نوین روانشناختی 23-21.
ثنایی ذاکر، باقر؛ مرادی، علی(139۵). رابطه بین سبک های فرزندپروری والدین با سبک های هویت و تعهد فرزندان . کنفرانس ملی دانش و فناوری روانشناسی، علوم تربیتی و جامع روانشناسی ایران.
حجازی،الهه؛نگهبان سلاحی، محمود، 1388. رابطه سبک های دلبستگی به والدین و همسالان با سبک های هویت در نوجوانان. روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی ۱. ۱۰۷.
حیدری، آتنا (1397). تعیین رابطه¬ی سبک¬های دلبستگی و وابستگی بین شخصی با سلامت روان: نقش واسطه¬ای رضایت-مندی از نیازهای بنیادی روان. پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان¬شناسی عمومی. دانشگاه تهران.
ربانیزاده، منصوره (1394). ادراک از جهت گیری آینده در دانشجویان پزشکی با توجه به سبک های فرزندپروری والدین و سبک های هویت فرزندان. توسعه ی آموزش جندی شاپور 14. 206.
طالبیان، شریف؛ حسینیه، گودرزی؛ نیک فرجام، معصومه. 1382. بررسی رابطه پایگاه هویت و ویژگیهای شخصیتی در دانشجویان دانشکده علوم تربیتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. مطالعات تربیتی و روانشناسی 1. 397..
مهدویمزده، مامک، (13۹۵). رابطهی ادراک از سبکهای والدینی، محیط کلاس ادراکشده مبتنی بر خودتعیینگری با تاباوری: نقش واسطهای عاملیت انسانی. پایان¬ نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان¬شناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران.
مهدویمزده، مامک؛ حجازی، الهه؛ نقش،زهرا. 1397. رابطه ادراک ازسبک های والدینی با تاب آوری: نقش واسطه ای عاملیت انسانی. روانشناسی326-343.
فتحی، محمدرضا (1396). بررسی وضعیت هویتی دانشجو معلمان و سایر دانشجویان براساس نظریه بزرگسالی در حال ظهور و نقش عاملیت در آن. پایان¬نامه دکتری روان¬شناسی تربیتی؛ دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم تحقیقات.
فتحی، محمدرضا؛ کیامنش،علی رضا؛ جم¬هری فرهاد. 1397. نقش عاملیت انسانی، جنس و سن در ویژگی های هویتی: بزرگسالی درحال ظهور آرنت. روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی . 33-44.
پورآوری، مینو؛ قنبری، سعید؛ زاده محمدی،علی؛ پناغی، لیلی. 1393. اعتبار، پایایی و ساختار عاملی پرسش نامه تجارب روابط نزدیک – ساختار رابطه. اندیشه و رفتار روان شناسی بالینی. 31 -47.
نقی¬زاده، محمدعلی (1396). بررسی ویژگی¬های دوره¬ی تحولی ظهور بزرگسالی در جوانان شهر تهران. پایان¬ نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان¬شناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران.
واحدی، شهرام؛ فتحی، آیت اله. 1389. رابطه ی دلبستگی به والدین و همسالان با جدایی روان شناختی دانشجویان دختر و پسر جدیدالورود. پژوهش های نوین روانشناختی ۱۷. ۱۵۱ .
Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., O’Connor, T. G., & Bell, K. L. (2002). Prediction of peer-rated adulthostility from autonomy struggles in adolescent–family interactions. Development and Psychopathology, 14: 123–137.
Arnett, J. J. (1997). Young people's conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Youth & society, 29(1), 3-23.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
Arnett, J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 100.63-75.
Arnett, J.J. (2004). Emerging Adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2011). Emerging adulthood(s): The cultural psychology of a new life stage. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Bridging cultural and developmental psychology: New syntheses in theory, research, and policy (pp. 255–275). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. 2-nd edition. New York: Oxford Press University.
Arnett, J. J., & Tanner, J.L. (2009). Toward a cultural-developmental stage theory of the life course. In K. McCartney & R. Weinberg (Eds.), Development and experience: A festschrift in honor of Sandra Wood Scarr (pp. 17–38). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of adolescence, 18(2), 179-192.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2)-122.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 52, 1-26.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the life span: A process perspective on identity formation. In G. J. Neimeyer & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct theory (Vol. 1, pp. 155-186). Greenwich, CT.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity processing style, self-construction, and personal epistemic assumptions: A social-cognitive perspective. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 303-315.
Berzonsky, M. D., Branje, S. J. T., &Meeus, W. (2007). Identity-processing style, psychosocial resources, and adolescents' perceptions of parent-adolescent relations. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 324-345.
Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2008). Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 165-184.
Campbell, E., Adams, G. R., & Dobson, W. R. (1984). Familial correlates of identity formation in late adolescence: A study of the predictive utility of connectedness and individuality in family relations. Journal of youth and adolescence, 13(6), 509-525.
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 419-435). New York: Guilford Press. Chamberlain, D. L. (2013). Emerging Adulthood and Reflexive Modernity: Defining on Adult Identity in Early 21st Century Australia. (Doctoral dissertation), Griffith University.
Çok, F., & Atak, H. (2015). Emerging adulthood in Turkey: Does it (yet) exist?. Online Journal of Counseling & Education, 4(3), 46-75.
Cordeiro, P. M. G., Paixão, M. P., Lens, W., Lacante, M., & Luyckx, K. (2018). Parenting Styles, Identity Development, and Adjustment in Career Transitions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Needs. Journal of Career Development, 45(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316672742.
Cote, J., & Levine, C. G.(2002) Identity Formation, Agency and Culture: a social psychological synthesis.
Cote, J. E., & LeCote, J. E., Mizokami, S., Roberts, S. E., & Nakama, R. (2016). An examination of the cross-cultural validity of the Identity Capital Model: American and Japanese students. compared. Journal of Adolescence, 46, 76-85vine, C. G. (2002). Identity Formation. Agency and Cultural.
Diane, E. L. (2000). The relationship between family environment, identity development and autonomy in young adults. Dissertation of Eastern Michigan University.
Dutra-Thomé, L. (2013). Emerging adulthood in southerns brazilians from differing socioeconomic status: social and subjetive markers.
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology quarterly, 57(1), 4-15.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Growth and crises of the "healthy personality." In M. J. E. Senn (Ed.), Symposium on the healthy personality (p. 91–146). Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Facio, A., & Micocci, F. (2003). Emerging adulthood in Argentina. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2003(100), 21-32.
Fanti, K. A. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship and college adjustment over the freshman year.
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessingattachment.orientations across relationships. Psychological assessment, 23(3), 615.
Green, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Attachment and exploration in adults: Chronic and contextual accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 452-461.
Grolnick, W.S., Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory, New York: Wiley.
Grossmann, K. E., Remmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in 16-year longitudinal study: Social Development, 11: 307 331.
Haggard, P. (2017). Sense of agency in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 196-207.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 59(2), 270.
Hitlin, S., & Elder, G. H. Jr. (2006). Agency: An empirical model of an abstractconcept. Advances in life course research, (11), 33-67.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Lapsley, D.K., & Edgerton, J. (2002). Separation Individualization, Adult Attachment Style, and College Adjustment, Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 484-495.
Macmillan, R. (2007). Constructing adulthood: Agency and subjectivity in the transition to adulthood. Advanced in life course research, (11), 3-29.
Marchand, J. F. (2004). Husbands' and wives' marital quality: The role of adult attachment orientations, depressive symptoms, and conflict resolution behaviors. Attachment & Human Development, 6(1), 99-112.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology, 3(5), 551.
Marcia, J. E. (2002). Identity and psychosocial development in adulthood. Identity: An international journal of theory and research, 2(1), 7-28.
Paterson, J., Pryor, J., & Field, J. (1995). Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in Relation to aspects of self-esteem. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(3), 365-376.
Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37-48.
Reynolds, C., & Erikson, E. (2017). Agency, identity, and the emergence of ritual experience. Socius,3,2378023117710881. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2378023117710881.
Rhea, R. (2013). An exploration of the relationship of identity formation, agency, and religiosity with respect to the acceptance and use of pornography in Christian undergraduate emerging adults. Biola University.
Rocha, G. M. A. D., Peixoto, E. M., Nakano, T. D. C., Motta, I. F. D., & Wiethaeuper, D. (2017). The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS): validity evidence and reliability. Psico-USF, 22(1), 121-132. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1413-82712017000100121&script=sci_arttext.
Schwartz, S. J., Côté, J. E., & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth & Society, 37(2), 201-229.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Luyckx, K., Meca, A., & Richie, R. (2015). Identity development in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Seiter, L. N. (2009). Emerging adulthood in India. (Doctoral dissertation), Brigham Young University-Provo. http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2977&context=etd [2016/25/02].
Soenens, B., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Social-psychological profiles of identity styles: Attitudinal and social cognitive correlates in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 107-125.
Yoon, H. J. (2011). The Development and Validation of the assessment of human agency employing Albert Bandura´s Human agency throry .submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requerements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy .The pensylvania stste university.
Zhong, J., & Arnett, J. J. (2014). Conceptions of adulthood among migrant women workers in China. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(3), 255-265.