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        1 - Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies, Optimism and Subjective Well-Being
        Ahmad Goodarzi Omid Shokri Masoud Sharifi
        The purpose of this study was testing the model of structural relationships between primary and secondary cognitive appraisals, optimism, coping strategies and subjective well-being among university students.
        The purpose of this study was testing the model of structural relationships between primary and secondary cognitive appraisals, optimism, coping strategies and subjective well-being among university students. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Comparison resilience and coping strategies between volunteers and soldiers who participated in the war against ISIS
        زانا ضالح
        Abstract The aim of this research is to compare resilience and stress coping strategies among Volunteers participated in anti-ISIS warfare and soldiers. The research method is descriptive and causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the study is all Kurd More
        Abstract The aim of this research is to compare resilience and stress coping strategies among Volunteers participated in anti-ISIS warfare and soldiers. The research method is descriptive and causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the study is all Kurdish soldiers and volunteers in three provinces of Halabja, Sulaimani and Erbil in the region of Kurdistan/Iraq who participated in ISIS warfare. In this study, 180 men, aged 20-50 years old, are selected as samples, they are divided into two groups of 90 (90 soldiers) and (90 volunteers), then the Conner and Davidson’s resilience questionnaire and Andler & Parker’s are used to show stress coping strategies. The data are collected and analyzed by t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results shows that on resilience scale, the significant level between volunteers and soldiers is bigger than 0.01, which means that there is no difference in terms of resilience between volunteers and soldiers. But there is a significant difference between volunteers and soldiers in coping strategies (p0/01). The problem-oriented style is (P = 0.01 and F = 8.474) and the avoidance-oriented style is (p = 0.01 and F = 6.751). But the F value obtained for emotion-oriented is (0/008) and the significance level is 930/0. Therefore, there is no difference in the emotion-focused. The conclusion of the main findings of this research confirms that organizing special training courses to enhance resilience and helping volunteers and soldiers to reduce war stress is recommended. Considering that the health of soldiers is important for working in the security places and their major role in dealing with enemies and protecting the country. Planning to train the appropriate coping methods and encouraging all soldiers to use the appropriate approach to deal with stress situations is beneficial. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Comparison of Resilience and Stress Coping Strategies between Volunteers and Soldiers who Participated in the War Against ISIS
        Zana Nasih Salih Qadir Fariba Hassani
        The aim of the current research is to determine the difference between resilience and coping strategies among volunteers and soldiers who participated in the war against ISIS. The research method was descriptive and causal-comparative. The population of interest in this More
        The aim of the current research is to determine the difference between resilience and coping strategies among volunteers and soldiers who participated in the war against ISIS. The research method was descriptive and causal-comparative. The population of interest in this study was all Kurdish volunteers and soldiers in all three provinces of Halabja, Sulaimaniyah and Erbil of Iraqi Kurdistan who participated in the war against ISIS. The sample of this study was selected through available sampling. Then, data were collected using Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale ( CD-RISC) and Endler and Parker’s Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of this study showed that there was no difference in resilience between volunteers and soldiers, but there was a significant difference in coping with stress scale. In terms of problem-oriented style and avoidance-oriented style, the difference was significant. Therefore, it turns out that there is no difference in emotion-focused coping. The main findings of this study confirm that special training courses are recommended to enhance resilience and help volunteers and soldiers to exprince reduce warfare stress. Manuscript profile